Mongolia
Mongolia is located between of Russia and China. It has cool climate, wide steppe and nomadic life makes it a perfect holiday destination.
Mongolian has got 2,7 million people. Mongolian people are good-looking. They have got black hair, brown eyes and yellowish skin. The Mongolians are very hospitable and kind. Also Mongolia has got rich culture and history. In thirteenth century, Chinggis khan who was the Mongolian king conquered half of the world. Mongolians are proud of their history and Chinggis khan.
Half of Mongolians live in the country side. Most of the people in the countryside are herdsmen and farmers. They live in ger which is Mongolian tradional house. The men usually look after their animals and women do housework.
Half of Mongolians live in Ulaanbaatar which is the capital of Mongolia. There are plenty of large department stores in UB. Most department stores open from 10 in the morning till about 8 in the evening, from Monday to Sunday. Ub’s large department stores are Achlal, Bileg, Nomin and National Department Store. Everything from perfume to furniture is sold there. The big sales come after Christmas, White-moon , and before the antumn collections.
Mongolian food is very delicious and includes meat, vegetables, flour soups and noodles. Mongolians usually eat buuz and huushuur.
Mongolians celebrate many festivals throughout the year. There are Christmas, White-moon, Naadam , etc. “ My favourite holiday is Naadam, in July, when we see wrestling, horse racing and archery ” says Bat. Mongolians is a marvellious country. It is a fascinating place to visit.
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From Rags to Riches
Амжилтанд хүрсэн түүх
Liza Smythe is a successful British singer.
- Лиза бол Британы азтай дуучин.
Her smiling face appears on the covers of international magazines, and every year she travels to many different parts of the world to perform concert for millions of fans.
- Түүний инээмсэглэсэн царай олон улсын сэтгүүл дээр харагдах болсон ба тэр жил бүр сая сая фэнүүддээ зориулан дэлхийг тойрон аялж олон өөр өөр тоглолт хийдэг байсан.
However, life used to be very different for this bright young star from Liverpool. “ Eight years ago ” says Liza, “ I lived in a small terraced house with my parents and three brothers.
- Хэдийгээр тийм боловч Ливэрфүүлийн гялалзсан залуу од болохоос өмнө түүний өнгөрүүлсэн амьдрал өөр байжээ. “8 жилийн өмнө” Лиза хэлэв, “ Би нэгэн дэнжийн жижиг байшинд 3 ах эцэг эхийн хамт амьдардаг байсан.”
It was very cramped!
- Энэ маш давчуу байсан.
We didn’t have a lot of money, so I used to work as a cleaner at the local hospital to make ends meet.
- Бидэнд их мөнгө байгаагүй, тиймээс би орон нутгийн эмнэлэгт цэвэрлэгчийн ажил хийж амь зуудаг байсан.
I used to buy my clothes from second-hand shops.
- Би комиссын дэлгүүрээс хувцас авдаг байсан.
I was quite plump back then, because I liked eating chips and chocolate.
- Би маш тарган байсан, учир нь би чипс шоколад идэх дуртай байсан.
In my free time I used to sing in the college choir or go for walks on the beach.
- Би чөлөөт цагаараа сургуулийн найрал дуунд дуулах эсвэл далайн эргээр алхдаг байсан.
I didn’t use to go to clubs because they were very expensive .
- Би клубруу явдаггүй байсан, учир нь энэ маш үнэтэй.
I used to listen to the radio a lot, though.
- Би фм радио маш их сонсдог байсан.
I learnt all the words to every pop song and people hired me to sing at parties.
- Би бүх поп дууны үгийг сурсан тэгээд хүмүүс намайг хөлсөлж үдэшлэгэн дээр дуулуулдаг байсан.
My friends liked my voice a lot, so they persuaded me to send a cassette to a record company.
- Манай найзууд надын хоолойнд их дуртай байсан иймээс тэд намайг кассэтаа бичлэгийн компанруу илгээхийг ятгасан.
That’s how it all started for me.
- Энэнээс миний бүх юм эхэлсэн.
Three weeks later, I received a phone call from the company and my life changed completely.”
- 3 долоо хоногийн дараа надруу бичлэгийн компаниас залгасан ба миний амьдрал бүхэлдээ өөрчлөгдсөн.
Today, Liza lives in a large house with a big garden just outside London with her husband and young daughter.
- Өнөөдөр Лиза Лондонд цэцэрлэгт хүрээлэнтэй том байшиндаа нөхөр охиныхоо хамт амьдарч байна.
She is much simmer now, and looks very elegant in her chic designer clothes.
- Одоо тэр маш гоолиг ба дэгжин хувцас өмсдөг.
She is constantly on a diet and goes to the gym every day to keep her body in shape.
- Тэр үргэлж хоолны дэглэм барьдаг ба өдөр бүр заал явж биеийн галбираа хадгалдаг
In her free time she enjoy going to the theatre or to parties.
Тэр чөлөөт цагаараа театр юмуу үдэшлэгт явах дуртай.
Liza’s lifestyle has changed a lot since those days in Liverpool. “ I think I’m very lucky to lead the life I do today.
- Лизагийн амьдралын хэв маяг Ливэрфүүлийн тэр хэдэн өдрөөс хойш их өөрчлөгдсөн, “ Би өөрийгөө өөрийнхөө амьдралыг удирдаж чадсан азтай хүн гэж боддог. ”
It’s not easy, though, because I don’t have the privacy that I used to have.
- Энэ нь тийм амар байгаагүй яагад гэвэл надад тайван байх боломж байгаагүй.
Still, I have a lovely family and a very promising career.
- Надад одоо сайхан гэр бүл ирээдүйтэй мэргэжил байна.
What else could I ask for? ” she says.
- Өөр надад юу хэрэгтэй юм гэж “ тэр хэлдэг.
Mongolia
Mongolia is located in midlle of the Russia and China. It’s cool climate, wide steppe and nomadie’s life make it a perfect holiday destination.
Mongolian has got 2,7 million people. Mongolia people are good-looking. They have got black hair, brown eyes and yellowish skin. The Mongolians are very hospitable and kind. Also Mongolians has got rich culture and history. In thirteenth century, Chinggis khan who was Mongolian king conquered half of the world. Mongolians proud their history and Chinggis khan.
Half of Mongolians live in country side. Most of the people in the country side are herdsmen and farmer. They live in ger which is Mongolian tradional house. The men usually looks after their animals and women do house works.
Half of Mongolians in Ulaanbaatar the capital of Mongolia. There are plenty of large department stores in UB. Most department stores 10 in the morning till about 8 in the evening, from Monday to Sunday. Ub’s large department stores are Achlal, Bileg, Nomin and national department store. In there sells everything from perfume to furniture. The big sales come after Christmas, White-month , and before the antumn collections.
Mongolian food is very delicons and includes meats vegetables, flours soups and noodles. Mongolians usually eat buuz and huushuur.
Mongolians celebrate many festivals throughout the year. There are Christmas, White-month, Naadam , etc. “ My favourite holiday is Naadam, in July, when we see wrestling, horse racing and archery ” says Bat. Mongolians is a marvellons country. It is a fascinating place to visit.
Conditional 3
We use the third conditional to talk about situations in the past which cannot be changed; we talk about how the results might be different:
If Beckham had scored, Real Madrid would have won the match.
(But Beckham did not score and Real Madrid lost.)
To make the third conditional we use two clauses. The if-clause is in the past perfecttense and the conditional clause uses would have and the past participle:
{if} + {past perfect} | {would} + {have} + {past participle}
There are two clauses: the if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two.
If Blucher had not arrived, Napoleon would have won at Waterloo.
France would have been the most powerful country in Europe if Napoleon had won at Waterloo.
Type3 Unreal past
-If+past perfect Past perf cont
-Would/could+Have+pastparticiple
-Unreal situation in the past, also used to express regrest and criticism
If you had told her the truth, she would have forgiven you.
Bill Gates
Everyone has heard of Bill Gates, one of the richest and most successful people in the world.
-Хүн болгон дэлхийн хамгийн баян азтай хүн болох Билл Гейтсийн тухай мэднэ.
Microsoft the business he started with a friend in 1975, has become the world’s largest computer software company, and Gates was the world’s youngest billionaire at the age of 31.
-1975 онд дэлхйин хамгийн том программ хангамжийн Microsoft хэмээх компанийхаа бизнэснийг найзтайгаа хамт эхэлсэн ба 31 настайдаа дэлхийн хамгийн залуу тэрбумтан болсон.
His full name is William Henry Gates III, and he was born on 28th October, 1955, in Seattle, USA.
-Түүний жинхэнэ нэрийг III Вилиам Хэнри Гейтс гэдэг ба 1955 оны 10 сарын 28нд Сеатлед төрсөн.
At school Bill soon showed that he was very intelligent, and especially good at Maths and Science.
-Билл сургуульд байхдаа өөрийгөө маш ухаантай гэдгийг баталсан ба ялангуяа математик ба шинжлэх ухааны хичээлдээ сайн байсан.
His parents decided to send him to Lakeside, the private school where hi first began to use computers.
-Тэрний эцэг эх нь түүнийг далайн эрэг дэхь хувийн сургуульд оруулсан ба тэнд хамгийн анх компьютэрийг ашиглаж сурсан.
13-year-old Bill Gates and his school friend Paul Allen were soon spending all their time writing programs and learning about computers instead of doing their school work!.
-13 настай Билл сургуулийнхаа анд Паул Аллентай хамт өөрсдийнхөө ихэнх цагийг программ бичих, компьютэрийн тухай суралцах эсвэл сургуулийнхаа ажлыг хийж өнгөрөөдөг байсан.
After finishing school in 1973, Bill went to Harvard, America’s most famous university.
-1973 онд Билл сургуулиа төгсөөд Америкийн хамгийн алдартай сургууль болох Харвордад элсэн орсон.
The next year, he and Paul Allen wrote an operating program for the Altair, one the world’s first microcomputers.
-Дараа жил нь тэр Паултай хамт дэлхийн хамгийн анхны микрокомпьютэр болох Алтайрд зориулж ажлын программ зохиосон.
The two friends started Microsoft in 1975, and Gates left Harvard.
-2 найз 1975 онд Microsoft компаниа байгуулсан ба Билл Harvard аас гарсан.
Before long, Microsoft was a major business success.
-Microsoft нь маш амжилттай бизнес байсан.
Since then, company has continued to grow, producing most of the world ‘s leading PC software.
-Үүнээс хойш компань нь хүчээ авч эхэлсэн ба дэлхийд тэргүүлэгч РС ний программ хангамжийг үйлдвэрлах болсон.
One reason for his success is that Gates has always been very ambitious and hardworking.
-Үүний амжилтын нууц нь Гейтс үргэлж маш шаргуу хөдөлмөрлөдөг хүн байсан.
This has not left him much time for a normal personal life, but in 1994 he married Melinda French, a Microsoft employee, and in 1995 he wrote a best-selling book, The Road Ahead.
-Түүнд жирийн хүний амьдрал шиг их цаг байгаагүй ч тэр 1994 онд Microsoft ийн ажилтан Melinda French тэй гэрэлсэн ба 1995 онд Road Ahead хэмээх алдартай номоо бичсэн.
Bill has mixed feelings about spending so much time running Microsoft.
-Билл Microsoft ийн үйл ажиллагааны төлөө маш их санаа зовдог байсан.
” There are lot of experiences I haven’t had, but I do like my job,” he says.
-“ Надад үүнийг хийхэд тийм ч их туршлага байхгүй ч би ажилдаа дуртай ” гэж тэр хэлсэн.
When he does find time to relax, he likes puzzles, golf and reading about science.
-Тэр чөлөөт цагаараа оньсого таах ,гольф тоглох шинжлэх ухааны тухай унших дуртай.
For such a rich person, his life is simple, and he spends little on himself and his family.
-Тэр хэдий баян ч маш энгийн амьдралтай өөртөө болон гэр бүлдээ маш бага мөнгийг царцуулдаг.
When it comes to helping others, though, Gates is very generous.
-Тэр бусдад тусалдаг их өглөгч хүн.
He has already given huge amounts of money to charity, and says that he plans to give away almost all of his wealth when he retires.
- Тэр хүмүүнлэгийн үйлст маш их мөнгө ханьдвилсан ба тэтгэвэрт гарахдаа ихэнх хөрөнгөө үүнд зориулана гэж төлвөлж байгаа гэж тэр хэлсэн.
The Internet- Интернет
The internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history.
-Интернет нь ямр ч эргэлзээгүй түүхийн чухал бүтээлүүдийн нэг юм.
It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists.
-Үүнийг америкийн засгийн газар 1968 онд эхлүүлсэн боловч эхэндээ зөвхөн эрдэмтэд л ашигладаг байсан.
Since 1990, when the World Wide Web was created, it has changed the world, and its uses are growing every day.
-1990 оноос хойш Дэлхийн дотоод Сүлжээ тархсан ба энэ нь дэлхийг өөрчилж хэрэглээ нь өдөр ирэх тусам нэмэгдэж байна.
The Internet is the network (several networks, in fact) of millions of computers around the world, connected by phone lines, satellite or cable, so that all the computers on the net can exchange information with each other.
-Интернэт нь дэлхийн эргэн тойронд байгаа олон сая компьютерүүдийн утасны шугам, сансрын кабелиар холбогдсон сүлжээний компьютерүүд өөр хоорондоо мэдээлэл солилцдог.
Not quite. -яг ч тийм биш.
The internet links computers, and the World Wide Web is a system which links the information stored inside these computers.
-Интернэт нь компьютерийг холбодог, Дэлхийн дотоод Сүлжээ нь тэдгээр компьютерүүдийн дотороо хадгалсан мэдээллийг холбодог систем юм.
A company or organization stores its information in electronic documents one of the Internet computers, somewhere in the world.
-Компани эсвэл байгуулага мэдээллээ цахилгаан бичиг баримтаар дэлхийн хаа нэгтээ аль нэг интернэттэй компьютерт байрлуулдаг.
This computer space-the companies web site- has an address, in the same way that everyone telephone has a number.
-Компьютерт байрласан Компаний веб сайтад хаяг холбогдох утасны дугаар нь байдаг.
To visit a web site, you simply enter the address.-хаягаа оруулж Веб сайтруу орно.
Your computer is connected to the web site, a document is downloaded, and a page appears on your computer screen.
-Компьютер веб сайтад холбогдоход баримтууд хуудас байдлаар дэлгэцэнд харагддаг.
When you visit a web site looking for information, some words on the page may be underlined, showing that there is more information about the subject in another document.
- Таныг мэдээлэл хайхаар веб сайтад ороход хуудасан дээр зарим онцолсон үг байх ба, энэ үг цаанаа өөр зүйлийн тухай илүү их мэдээллийг агуулсан байдаг.
If you click on one of these words, the web automatically connects your computer to a new document or web site, even if this is stored thousands of kilometers away.
- Хэрвээ та энэ үгэн дээр дарвал энэ олон мянган километрийн цаана байрласан ч сүлжээ автоматаар таны компьютерийг шинэ баримттай холбоно.
You are surfing the net!-Та сүлжээнд холбогдлоо.
The main use of the Internet is to find information-for your schoolwork or job, or just to find out more about your hobbies, sports or current events.
-Интернэтийг гол нь хичээл, ажил, өөрийн сонирхолын талаар болон, сүүлийн үеийн мэдээлэл хайхад ашигладаг.
You can also use the Internet to read newspapers and magazines, play games, plan your holiday or buy things from your favorite shop.
-Та интернэтийг ашигласнаар та сонин сэтгүүл унших, тоглоом тоглох, амралтаа төлөвлөх эсвэл хүссэн зүйлээ авч чадна.
E-mail makes it possible to electronic messages anywhere in the world in seconds, and you can use the internet to ‘chat’ with people and make new friends.
-И-мэйлээр дэлхийн хаана ч байсан секудын дотор электрон шуудан явуулах боломжтой ба интернэтээр хүмүүстэй чаталж шинэ найзтай болж болно.
If you don’t already use the internet, all you need to get started is a computer, a modern and phone line.
- Хэрвээ та өмнө нь интернэт хэрэглэж байгаагүй бол эхлээд компьютероо сүүлийн үеийн утасны шугамтай холбох хэрэгтэй.
Using the internet is getting cheaper and easier all the time.
- Интернетийн хэрэглээ нь аль ч цагт хэрэглэхэд хялбархан,хямдхан болсон.
Are you ready to surf the net? Та интернэтэд холбогдоход бэлэн үү?
There is a whole exciting Internet world out there waiting for you! –
-Таныг интернэтийн бүхэл бүтэн зугаатай ертөнц хүлээж байна.
The Pros and Cons of using the
Internet
-Интернетийг хэрэглэхийн сайн ба
муу талууд
Advertisements for the Internet promise you a world of information, entertainment, on-line shopping and e-mail services.
-Интернэтийн зар сурталчилгаа нь мэдээлэл, үзвэр үйлчилгээ, онлайн дэлгүүрийн үйлчилгээ, имэйл үйлчилгээг олж авахад чухал үүргийг гүйцэтгэдэг.
However the real world of the Internet may not be as perfect as the advertisements suggest.
-Хэдий тийм боловч интернэтйин бодит ертөнц нь зар сурталчилгаа шиг төгс байдаггүй.
Using the Internet offers many advantages.
Интернэтийн үйлчилгээ нь олон давуу талтай.
For example, all of the latest information is available to you, in your home, at any hour of the day or night.
-Жишээ нь, та бүх сүүлийн үеийн мэдээлэлийг өдөр шөнийн аль ч цагт гэрээсээ авах боломжтой.
It is much faster and easier to surf the net in search of information from all over the world than to travel to libraries in dozens of countries.
-Интернэтэд орсноор маш хялбархан түргэн шуурхай дэлхийн олон орны мэдээллээр аялах боломжтой.
Firstly on-line shopping makes it possible to search through catalogues to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money.
-Нэгдүгээрт, онлайн дэлгүүрийн үйлчилгээгээр та каталогоос хүссэн зүйлээ тохирсон үнээр нь авч цаг мөнгөө хэмнэх болно.
By joining a newsgroup or chat group, you can share your hobbies and special interests, and perhaps make friends all over the world.
-Мэдээлэл чатын хэсэгт та бусадтай өөрийн сонирхол хоббигоо хуваалцан дэлхий дахинд олон найзтай болж болно.
Finally e-mail is popular because it is faster than sending a letter and cheaper than a telephone conversation.
-имэйл нь захиа явуулахаас хурдан ба утасны ярианаас хямдхан байдаг.
On the other hand, the Internet has several disadvantages.
-Нөгөөтэйгүүр интернэтэд зарим нэгэн сул тал бий.
Also, with so much information available, finding what you want can take you hours. Мөн хүссэн үедээ хангалттай мэдээллийг авах боломжтой.Multimedia web pages with photographs, music and video are attractive, but they make downloading show and boring. Мултимедиа веб хуудас нь зураг хөгжим зэргийг багтаасан байдаг ч үүнд холбогдоход удаан уйтгартай байдаг.
What is more, there is too much advertising instead of real information.
-Үүнээс гадна тэнд бодитой мэдээллийн оронд зар сурталчилгаа их байдаг.
As for Internet friendships, sitting at home in front of a computer making ‘chat friends’ is not the same actually meeting people.
-Гэртээ компьютерийн ард суугаад чаатны найзтай болох нь яг хүнтэй уулзахтай адилхан биш байдаг.
In conclusion, the Internet obviously has both good and bad points.
-Дүгнэж хэлэхэд, интернэт муу ч сайн ч талтай.
Fortunately, the system is improving all the time, and any problems which still exist can be solved.
-Хэдий тийм боловч энэ систем нь улам сайжирч асуудал нь багасч байгаа.
Whether we like it or not, the Internet is here to stay, so we have to make the best possible use of it.
-Интернэт бидэнд таалагдсан ч, таалагдаагүй ч энэ бидний хамгийн чухал хэрэглээ байсаар байх болно.
“Naadam”
Naadam is a traditional type of festival in Mongolia. The festival is also locally termed "eriin gurvan naadam" (эрийн гурван наадам) "three manly games.". The games are Mongolian wrestling, horse racing and archery and are held throughout the country during the holidays. Women have started participating in the archery and girls in the horse-racing games, but not in Mongolian wrestling.
The biggest festival is held in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar during the National Holiday from July 11th - 13th, although other cities and towns across Mongolia have their own, smaller scale Naadam celebrations. It begins with an elaborate introduction ceremony featuring dancers, athletes, horseriders, and musicians. After the ceremony, the competitions begin.
Naadam is the most widely watched festival in the country, and is believed to have existed for centuries in one fashion or another. Originally, it was derived from when Mongolians used to celebrate an occasion or another, they followed the celebrations with military parades and sporting competitions like archer, horse riding and wrestling. But now it formally commemorates the 1921 revolution when Mongolia declared itself a free country.
Another popular Naadam activity is the playing of games using shagai, sheep anklebones that serve as game pieces and tokens of both divination and friendship.
The festival is also celebrated in the Inner Mongolia region of China.
Traditional food Khuushuur
Khuushuur is a kind of meat pastry or dumpling popular in Mongolia. The meat, either beef or mutton, is ground up and mixed with onion (or garlic) salt and other spices. The cook rolls the dough into circles, then places the meat inside the dough and folds the dough in half, creating a flat half-circular pocket. The cook then closes the pockets by pressing the edges together. A variety of khuushuur has a round shape made by pressing the dough and mince together using the dough roller.
After making the pockets, the cook fries them in oil until the dough turns a golden brown. The khuushuur is then served hot, and can be eaten by hand.
This type of Mongolian cuisine is similar to buuz in that the meat is prepared in the same way and cooked in a dough pocket, the prinicpal difference being that buuz is steamed instead of fried.
Some Mongolians hold the fresh khuushuur between their palms and also with the tips of all fingers to stimulate the nerves and blood circulation in the hands. This is believed to be curative. In some occasions, a hot khuushuur is placed on the soles of the feet and other selected places to treat neurosis and health conditions related to the balance of the air element of the five elements composing the human body.
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal in Southern Siberia in Russia, located between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, near the city of Irkutsk. It is also known as the "Blue Eye of Siberia".
At 1,637 meters (5,371 ft), Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world, and the largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, holding approximately twenty percent of the world's total surface fresh water. Like Lake Tanganyika, Lake Baikal was formed in an ancient rift valley and therefore is long and crescent-shaped with a surface area (31,500 km²) less than half that of Lake Superior or Lake Victoria. Baikal is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, two thirds of which can be found nowhere else in the world and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.
Olkhon, the largest island in Lake Baikal, is the fourth-largest lake-bound island in the world. More than 25 million years old, it is the oldest such lake as well.
Lake Baikal is in a rift valley created by the Baikal Rift Zone, where the crust of the earth is pulling apart. At 636 kilometers (395 mi) long and 80 kilometers (50 mi) wide, Lake Baikal has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in Asia (31,494 km²) and is the deepest lake in the world (1,637 metres, previously measured at 1,620 metres). The bottom of the lake is 1,285 metres below sea level, but below this lies some 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) of sediment, placing the rift floor some 8–9 kilometers (more than 5 miles) below the surface: the deepest continental rift on Earth.In geological terms, the rift is young and active it widens about two centimeters per year. The fault zone is also seismically active: there are hot springs in the area and notable earthquakes every few years. It drains into the Angara tributary of the Yenisei.
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Space Camp, Florida, which is right next to NASA’s famous Kennedy Space Centre, is a place where people can go to learn about space travel. Many activities are offered which provide visitors with the excitement of being in space. One of the many attractions is the ‘Gravity Chair’ where lets you see exactly how difficult walking in space really is! There is also a project which gives you the change to build your own rocket and see it take off!
Camp programs are available for children and adults who want to experience an astronaut’s life. The ‘Space Habitat’ is a place where you can eat freeze-dried food and sleep in a bunk bed, just like a real astronaut! Unfortunately though, children who are under nine years old are not allowed to take part in these programs which last from one to five days and cost from $550 to $875.
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