- Сонголт нь Video for local playback .
- Хэмжээ DVDны хэмжээ болох 760x570тай ойролцоо дүрслэл сайн байх.
- Нэг киноны хэмжээ 100Mb- ээс дээшгүй байх.
- Эсвэл конвертлоод mp4, wmv болгож хувиргаж авчрах.
- MPEG, AVI өргөтгөлтэй хийсэн хүүхдүүдийн файл Нэг киноноос том 700Mb-аас 900Mb байгааг анхаар. (Bussiness Letter, Cover letter, Memo)
- Windows media player 10-аас дээш болон, K-Lite codec pack-ийн Media player Classic-аар бүрэн гацалтгүй гардаг болгож авчрах
Showing posts with label hw. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hw. Show all posts
Nov 3, 2009
Видеогоо шинэчлэх
Windows movie maker-ээр хийсэн бол эх файлаа *.wmv өргөтгөлтэй хадгалах.
Sep 17, 2009
Writing a cover letter
How to Write a Cover Letter
Developed by the Gallaudet University Career Center
A cover letter accompanies your resume and introduces you to the employer. In the letter, explain where you learned about the job, tell why you are interested, and highlight what parts of your background make you most qualified for the position. You also can include specific information about how you can be contacted in case the exployer would like to interview you. A bad cover letter can tempt the employer to put aside your resume without even reading it.
Most important, your cover letter should not have any spelling or grammatical mistakes. Strong cover letters refer to past experience using action verbs and identify specific accomplishments that will be of most interest to the employer.
Guidelines for Application (Cover) Letter
|
Enclosure (Indicates that resume, application, etc., are enclosed.) |
Sample Covering Letter
The content and format of covering letters largely depends on the nature of the position applied for and whether the job is advertised you are enquiring on a speculative basis. Here is a sample of a speculative covering letter:
Mrs Jill Godwin8 AcremeadDevonshireTN5 888
J D EvansHead of AdministrationRJJ Bank15 High StreetLondonEC89 5JJ
1 March 2OOX
Dear Sir
Application - Secretarial Work
I have recently returned from a year's visit to the USA , and am looking for a suitable secretarial opportunity. I have enclosed my CV for your attention, and would hope that you find my details of interest.
My previous work in London was not in banking, but I am confident that my secretarial skills are appropriate to a banking environment, as my last role at JD Wills and Partners (a law firm) was as team secretary to a small team of partners working with banking clients.
Owing to my circumstances, I am available immediately, and would be delighted to discuss my CV with you, should you think this would be helpful.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely
Jill Godwin, Mrs
Job aplication
Job Application Form Details:
Personal Information:
• Name
• Address
• City, State, Zip Code
• Phone Number
• Eligibility to Work in US
• Felony convictions
• If under age, working paper certificate
Education:
• Schools/Colleges Attended
• Major
• Degree/Diploma
• Graduation Dates(s)
Position Applied
For Information:
• Title of the job you are applying for
• Hours/days available to work
• When you can start work
Employment Information:
• Names, addresses, phone numbers of previous employers
• Supervisor's name
• Dates of employment
• Salary
• Reason for Leaving
References
• List of three references - names, job title or relationship, addresses, phone numbers
Personal Information:
• Name
• Address
• City, State, Zip Code
• Phone Number
• Eligibility to Work in US
• Felony convictions
• If under age, working paper certificate
Education:
• Schools/Colleges Attended
• Major
• Degree/Diploma
• Graduation Dates(s)
Position Applied
For Information:
• Title of the job you are applying for
• Hours/days available to work
• When you can start work
Employment Information:
• Names, addresses, phone numbers of previous employers
• Supervisor's name
• Dates of employment
• Salary
• Reason for Leaving
References
• List of three references - names, job title or relationship, addresses, phone numbers
Writing a reference letter
To whom may it concern:
I have known Jane Doe in a variety of capacities for many years. She has been my daughter's riding instructor for the past several years.
In addition,she is my partner in a small business where she is responsible for writing and editing articles and website content.
Sincerely, John Smith
I have known Jane Doe in a variety of capacities for many years. She has been my daughter's riding instructor for the past several years.
In addition,she is my partner in a small business where she is responsible for writing and editing articles and website content.
Jane is organized, efficient, extremely competent, and has an excellent rapport with people of all ages. Her communication skills, both written and verbal, are excellent.
In summary, I highly recommend Jane for any position or endeavor that she may seek to pursue.
She will be a valuable asset for any organization.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Sincerely,
Reference letter: Sample 1
Oyungerel Baatarkhuu
Recommendation letter
School of Telecommunication and Information technology,MUST
Apt 30-47, 17th khoroo, Songino-Hairkhan district, Post Box-374, Post Office Ulaanbaatar- 21
Ulaanbaatar Mongolia,
To: "MobiCom" company
I have known Oyungerel for 4 years. During the years of our acquaintance, i have seen many abilities of her. She is able to study anything new and always tries to know anything new. I strongly recommend her for your offering position of work.
As Oyungerel's teacher, i have given her many tasks to do and she always done it on time. She skilled in communication software and hardware. She also has experience in Switching System as engineer and solved many problems occurred on Switching System.
If you're looking for experienced canditate with ability to rise, Oyungerel is an excellent choice. She is self-educated, responsible, skilled in teamwork and able to rise easily. Please do not hesitate to contact us. We will be glad to answer further question about Oyungerel.
Sincerely,
Senior lecturer BAYARMAA G
Recommendation Letter Sample 2
Information technology,MUST
Post Box-423, Post Office Ulaanbaatar- 49
Ulaanbaatar
To: Mongolian “Railcom” company
Solongo Dandar is an extraordinary young woman. As her English teacher, I have seen many examples of her talent and have long been impressed by her diligence and work ethic. I understand that Solongo is applying to the student exchange program at your company. I would like to recommend her for admission.
Solongo has outstanding organizational skills. She is able to successfully complete multiple tasks with favorable results despite deadline pressure. Solongo demonstrated leadership abilities that her classmates both admired and respected.
I must also make note of Solongo’s exceptional academic performance.
Out of a class of 150 students, Solongo learned English with honors in the top 10. Her above-average performance is a direct result of her hard work and strong focus.
If your Job offer (Vacancy) program is seeking superior candidates with a record of achievement, Solongo is an excellent choice. She has consistently demonstrated an ability to rise to any challenge that she must face.
To conclude, I would like to restate my strong recommendation for Solongo Dandar. If you have any further questions regarding Solongo’s ability or this recommendation, please do not hesitate to contact me using the information on this letterhead.
Sincerely,
Senior lecturer BAYARMAA G
Tel: 99167382 fax: 976-11-70151333
e-mail: gbayarmaa@itie.mng.net
Writing an abstract
1st advice:
Steps for Writing Effective Abstracts
To write an effective abstract, follow these steps:
1.Reread the article, paper, or report with the goal of abstracting in mind.
-Look specifically for these main parts of the article, paper, or report: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation.
-Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.
-If you're writing an abstract about another person's article, paper, or report, the introduction and the summary are good places to begin. These areas generally cover what the article emphasizes.
2.After you've finished rereading the article, paper, or report, write a rough draft without looking back at what you're abstracting.
-Don't merely copy key sentences from the article, paper, or report: you'll put in too much or too little information.
-Don't rely on the way material was phrased in the article, paper, or report: summarize information in a new way.
3.Revise your rough draft to
-correct weaknesses in organization.
-improve transitions from point to point.
-drop unnecessary information.
-add important information you left out.
-eliminate wordiness.
-fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
The following suggestions for generating the list of key words are offered to authors:
--list key words in alphabetic order;
--include the obvious;
--search the title and abstract for possible entries;
--list the research areas, general type of study, or general class of processes examined;
--identify the specific problem studied and the method used;
--indicate the type of results reported; and
--use synonyms freely or suggest cross references.
Remember that the potential reader may not be an expert in thefield.
2nd advice:
Abstracts are short statements that briefly summarize an article or scholarly document. Abstracts are like the blurbs on the back covers of novels. They entice someone to read further. With an abstract, you have to prove why reading your work is worthwhile. On the Internet, an abstract is the first stage in getting someone to read a longer piece of writing. A magazine abstract is a concise summary of a longer article and entices readers to enjoy an entire magazine. Abstracts should be informative and brief, covering the basics and provide an opinion of the article to the reader. Creating a magazine abstract for the Internet is a simple and effective way of streamlining content.
Instructions
- Step 1
Review your original article. Outline its main themes and highlights to use for your abstract.
- Step 2
Write a rough draft. Summarize the article using new words. Don't copy and paste from the original! This rough draft should be longer than your finished product so you can delete unnecessary words. Let yourself brainstorm while you edit.
- Step 3
Re-read your original article and try to pinpoint any concepts you could use as keywords for an Internet search. Headings, titles or table of contents are usually good sources of keywords.
- Step 4
Write an introductory sentence. This will be a statement of purpose for your article. It should introduce your central concept.
- Step 5
Write the body. This will be a brief description of the subject matter, roughly one or two paragraphs. Embed keywords into the first 20 words of the body. Make them inconspicuous so they don’t break the reader’s concentration.
- Step 6
Write a one or two sentence conclusion. This should entice someone to read more.
- Step 7
Edit and revise your abstract as needed. It is best to let a day pass before you return to it with fresh eyes. Edit unnecessary words. Be sure you clearly present your main points.
What is an abstract?
A definition
An abstract is a succinct summary of a longer piece of work, usually academic in nature, which is published in isolation from the main text and should therefore stand on its own and be understandable without reference to the longer piece. It should report the latter's essential facts, and should not exaggerate or contain material that is not there.
Its purpose is to act as a reference tool (for example in a library abstracting service), enabling the reader to decide whether or not to read the full text.
Two common reasons for writing an abstract are
- to summarise a longer piece of work published as a journal article, thesis, book or web page, an existing article for the purposes of a journal,
- or to submit an application to write a paper for a conference.
In both cases, you will be given specific guidelines as to how to write the abstract including a maximum word count from either the relevant publisher or the organiser of the conference; those for Emerald are set out below. Conference papers are usually selected on the basis of abstracts: see tips below.
How to go about the writing process
- Start by writing a statement of the paper's purpose, which should be as succinct as possible. If you include background keep this to a minimum and only include such information as to provide a context.
- Summarise the paper, reporting its main facts. Remember the following points:
- Follow the chronology of the paper and use its headings as guidelines.
- Do not include unnecessary detail, as in the first example in 'How not to write an abstract'.
- You are writing for an audience "in the know" – you can use the technical language of your discipline or profession, providing you communicate your meaning clearly, and bear in mind that you are writing to an international audience.
- Make sure that what you write "flows" properly, that there are "connecting words" (e.g. consequently, moreover, for example, the benefits of this study, as a result, etc.) and/or the points you make are not disjointed but follow on from one another.
- Use the active rather than the passive voice, e.g. "The study tested" rather than "It was tested in this study".
- The style of writing should be dense, and sentences will probably be longer than usual.
- You should by now have a draft, which will probably be too long. Here are some points to remember in cutting:
- Cut out any unnecessary words that do not add to the meaning, but
- Make use that the abstract is not so 'cut' as to be unreadable; use full sentences, direct and indirect articles, connecting works, etc. An abstract should use continuous prose, not notes.
- Read through your draft, making sure that it covers the main points listed above, and that there are no grammatical, spelling or typographical errors, also that it 'flows' properly.
- If possible, get a colleague to read through your abstract as a form of 'peer review'.
- Submit!
If you have difficulty with the general purpose statement or with summarising your article, it may be because the article's general concept is not that clear, or perhaps your research design or approach needs revisiting.
Using keywords
Using keywords are a vital part of abstract writing, because of the practice of retrieving information electronically: keywords act as the search term. Use keywords that are specific, and that reflect what is essential about the paper. Put yourself in the position of someone researching in your field: what would you look for? Consider also whether you can use any of the current 'buzz words'.
Instructions for writing a structured abstract for Emerald
Emerald is introducing a new format for article abstracts intended to help researchers by consistently providing the most useful information. Each abstract is made up of a number of set elements. An example is provided at the foot of this page.
1. Choose a category for the paper
Pick the category which most closely describes your paper. We understand that some papers can fit into more than one category but it is necessary to assign your paper to one of the categories – these are listed and will be searchable within the database:
- Research paper. This category covers papers which report on any type of research undertaken by the author(s). The research may involve the construction or testing of a model or framework, action research, testing of data, market research or surveys, empirical, scientific or clinical research.
- Viewpoint. Any paper, where content is dependent on the author's opinion and interpretation, should be included in this category; this also includes journalistic pieces.
- Technical paper. Describes and evaluates technical products, processes or services.
- Conceptual paper. These papers will not be based on research but will develop hypotheses. The papers are likely to be discursive and will cover philosophical discussions and comparative studies of others' work and thinking.
- Case study. Case studies describe actual interventions or experiences within organizations. They may well be subjective and will not generally report on research. A description of a legal case or a hypothetical case study used as a teaching exercise would also fit into this category.
- Literature review. It is expected that all types of paper cite any relevant literature so this category should only be used if the main purpose of the paper is to annotate and/or critique the literature in a particular subject area. It may be a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources or it may be comprehensive in that the paper's aim is to cover the main contributors to the development of a topic and explore their different views.
- General review. This category covers those papers which provide an overview or historical examination of some concept, technique or phenomenon. The papers are likely to be more descriptive or instructional ("how to" papers) than discursive.
2. Write the abstract
To produce a structured abstract for the journal and Emerald database, please complete the following fields about your paper. There are four fields which are obligatory (Purpose, Design/methodology/approach, Findings and Originality/value); the other three (Research limitations/implications, Practical implications, and Social implications) may be omitted if they are not applicable to your paper.
Abstracts should contain no more than 250 words. Write concisely and clearly. The abstract should reflect only what appears in the original paper.
Purpose
What are the reason(s) for writing the paper or the aims of the research?
Design/methodology/approach
How are the objectives achieved? Include the main method(s) used for the research. What is the approach to the topic and what is the theoretical or subject scope of the paper?
Findings
What was found in the course of the work? This will refer to analysis, discussion, or results.
Research limitations/implications (if applicable)
If research is reported on in the paper this section must be completed and should include suggestions for future research and any identified limitations in the research process.
Practical implications (if applicable)
What outcomes and implications for practice, applications and consequences are identified? How will the research impact upon the business or enterprise? What changes to practice should be made as a result of this research? What is the commercial or economic impact? Not all papers will have practical implications.
Social implications (if applicable)
What will be the impact on society of this research? How will it influence public attitudes? How will it influence (corporate) social responsibility or environmental issues? How could it inform public or industry policy? How might it affect quality of life? Not all papers will have social implications.
Originality/value
What is new in the paper? State the value of the paper and to whom.
Tips for writing abstracts for conference papers
The difficulty here is that you will probably be writing the abstract as a preamble to the actual paper, rather than subsequent to it. Here are some points to remember:
- Clarify in your own mind what is the purpose of the paper: what it is that you are going to do.
- Look carefully at the themes of the conference: note those that apply and frame your paper accordingly.
- Very often, the submission procedure will dictate the format and the number of words of the abstract. For example:
- Title
- Name of presenter, contact details
- Category of presentation (e.g. workshop, research paper, short paper, poster etc.)
- Conference themes addressed.
- Key words that will help people deciding whether or not to participate to understand its focus.
- Objectives/intended outcomes and activities for participants
- The abstract.
- Stick closely to the length given. You will often have no choice in this matter, because if you submit electronically you will find yourself cut off in mid sentence as you reach the required limit.
- When writing the abstract, ask yourself the following questions:
- What is the purpose of my paper? This should, as with any abstract, be a general definition statement about the objectives of your paper.
- What approach am I using? I.e. am I reviewing the literature, describing a case study, supporting a research hypothesis, and if the latter, what is my research design and research methodology?
- What are my findings?
- What is the import of my findings?
- Choose your keywords carefully, making sure that they match the themes of the conference.
An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. If done well, it makes the reader want to learn more about your research.
These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline:
1) Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical or artistic gap is your research filling?2) Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get your results? (e.g. analyzed 3 novels, completed a series of 5 oil paintings, interviewed 17 students)
3) Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above procedure, what did you learn/invent/create?
4) Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in step 1?
However, it's important to note that the weight accorded to the different components can vary by discipline. For models, try to find abstracts of research that is similar to your research.
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writing's contents in abbreviated form. Two types of abstracts are typically used: Descriptive Abstracts & Informative Abstracts
Although an abstract appears as the first section of a paper, it should be written last. You need to have completed all other sections before you can select and summarize the essential information from those sections.
What goes in an abstract?
In doing any research, a researcher has an objective, uses methods, obtains results, and draws conclusions. In writing the paper to describe the research, an author might discuss background information, review relevant literature, and detail procedures and methodologies. However, an abstract of the paper should:
-describe the objective, methods, results, and conclusions;
-omit background information, a literature review, and detailed description of methods;
-avoid reference to other literatures.
Qualities of a Good Abstract
An effective abstract has the following qualities:
-uses one or more well developed paragraphs: these are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone.
-uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the article, paper, or report's purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order.
-follows strictly the chronology of the article, paper, or report.
-provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.
-adds no new information, but simply summarizes the report.
-is understandable to a wide audience.
-oftentimes uses passive verbs to downplay the author and emphasize the information. Check with your teacher if you're unsure whether or not to use passive voice.
Steps for Writing Effective Abstracts
To write an effective abstract, follow these steps:
1.Reread the article, paper, or report with the goal of abstracting in mind.
-Look specifically for these main parts of the article, paper, or report: purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendation.
-Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract.
-If you're writing an abstract about another person's article, paper, or report, the introduction and the summary are good places to begin. These areas generally cover what the article emphasizes.
2.After you've finished rereading the article, paper, or report, write a rough draft without looking back at what you're abstracting.
-Don't merely copy key sentences from the article, paper, or report: you'll put in too much or too little information.
-Don't rely on the way material was phrased in the article, paper, or report: summarize information in a new way.
3.Revise your rough draft to
-correct weaknesses in organization.
-improve transitions from point to point.
-drop unnecessary information.
-add important information you left out.
-eliminate wordiness.
-fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Мэргэжлийн багшийн өгч байгаа текстүүдийн аль нэгний абстрактийг бичнэ.
Sep 11, 2009
CV
Curriculum Vitae Example
CONTACT INFORMATION
Name
Address
Country
Telephone
Cell Phone
Email
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Citizenship
Visa Status
Gender
Additional Personal Information:
Optional
Marital Status
Spouse's Name
Children
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
List in chronological order, include position details and dates of employment
Work History
Academic Positions
Research and Training
EDUCATION
Include dates, majors, and details of degrees, training, and
Post-Doctoral Training
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Certifications and Accreditations
Computer Skills
AWARDS
PUBLICATIONS
BOOKS
PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
LANGUAGES
List languages and fluency
INTERESTS
Writing a Brilliant CVView more presentations from bianchigirl.
Presentation
http://www.slideshare.net/drsamehs/how-to-deliver-an-extremely-boring-presentation
Presentation Tips
View more presentations from Jennifer Austin.
Useful language for making a presentation
MAKING A START - Introducing yourself and your talk
Greeting, name, position:
- Good morning. My name’s (…). I’m ( the manager … ).
- Ladies and gentlemen. It’s an honour to have the opportunity to address such a distinguished audience.
- Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my background. I started out in …
- Welcome to (…). I knew I’ve met some of you, but just for the benefit of those I haven’t, my name’s (…).
Title / subject
- I’d like to talk (to you) today about …
- I’m going to present the recent … / explain our position on … / brief you on … / inform you about … / describe…
- The subject /focus, topic / of my talk / presentation, paper (academic), speech (usually to public audience) /
Purpose / Objective
- We are here today to decide … / agree … , learn about … /
- The purpose of this talk is to update you on … / put you in the picture about …, give you the background to …/
- This talk is designed to act as a springboard for discussion. Start the ball rolling.
Length
- I shall only take (…) minutes of your time. - I plan to brief. - This should be only last (…) minutes.
Outline /
- I’ve divided my presentation/talk into four parts/sections. They are (…).
- The subject can be looked at under the following headings: (…).
- We can break this area down into the following fields: Firstly / first of all … , Secondly / then / next …, Thirdly / and then we come to …, Finally / lastly / last of all …
Questions
- I’d be glad to answer any questions at the end of my talk.
- If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt.
- Please interrupt me if there’s something which needs clarifying. Otherwise, there’ll be time for discussion at the end.
Reference to the audience
- I can see many of you are …; - I know you’ve all travelled a long way. - You all look as though you’ve heard this before.
- As I’m sure you know …; - You may remember …, - We have all experienced …, - As I’m sure we’d all agree …
LINKING THE PARTS - Linking ideas
Sequencing / Ordering
- Firstly … secondly … thirdly … ;
- Then … next … finally / lastly …
- Let’s start with …; - So that covers ….
- Let’s move/go on to … ;
- Now we come to … ; That brings us to …
- Let’s leave that (there) … ; That covers …
- Let’s get back to …; … and turn to …
Giving reasons / causes - Therefore / so; - as a result; - that’s why ;
Contrasting - But; - however;
Comparing - similarly; - in the same way;
Contrasting - in fact; - actually;
Summarizing - to sum up; - in brief / in short;
Concluding - in conclusion; - to conclude;
Highlighting - in particular; - especially;
Digressing - By the way ; - in passing
Giving examples - For example /for instance; - such as;
6. FINISHING OFF - Endings
Signalling the end
- That brings me to the end of my presentation.
- That completes my presentation.
- Before I stop / finish, let me just say …
- That covers all I wanted to say today.
Summarizing
- Let me just run over the key points again.
- I’ll briefly summarize the main issues.
- To sum up … - Briefly …
Concluding
- As you can see, there are some very good reasons …
- In conclusion …
- I’d like to leave you with the following thought / idea.
Recommending
- So, I would suggest that we …
- I’d like to propose … (more formal).
- In my opinion, the only way forward is …
Closing
- Thanks.
- Thank you for your attention.
- Thank you for listening.
- I hope you will have gained an insight into …
Inviting questions
- I’d be glad to try and answer any questions.
- So, let’s throw it open to questions.
- Any questions?
QUESTION TIME - Asking and answering questions.
Welcoming a question
- Go ahead / Please do / Certainly.
- That’s a good question.
- That’s interesting.
Clarifying a question
- If I understand you correctly, you are saying / asking …
- I didn’t quite catch that.
- Could you go over that again?
- I’m not sure what you’re getting at.
Avoiding giving an answer / or taking time to think before answering
- Perhaps we could deal with that later.
- Can we talk about that on another occasion?
- I’m afraid that’s not my field.
- I don’t have the figures with me.
- I’m sure Mr. (…) could answer that question.
- That’s interesting, but I’d prefer not to answer that today.
Checking the questioner is satisfied
- Does that answer your question?
- Is that clear?
Simple presentation
Introduction
(Good morning, afternoon, evening)
I'm happy to be here.
I'm glad to have this opportunity to . . .
Today, I'd like to talk (to you) about . . .
My topic today is . . .
The focus of my remarks is . . .
I'd like to share some thoughts on (topic)
Main points
Let me start by . . .
First, let me tell you about . . .
I've divided my topic into (three) parts: (They are . . .)
Giving examples
For instance,
Let me illustrate,
To illustrate,
Conclusion
In conclusion,
To conclude,
To summarize,
To sum up,
Checking for Understanding
(Do you) know what I mean?
Do you know what I'm saying?
Do you understand?
Are you following me?
Are you with me (so far)?
Have you got it?
Any questions?
Got it?
Showing Understanding
I see.
I understand.
I get it./I got it.
Gotcha. (Informal)
Expressing Lack of Understanding
I don't get it.
(I'm sorry.) I don't understand.
What do you mean?
I'm not following you.
I don't quite follow you.
I'm not sure I get what you mean.
What was that again?
Conceding to Make a Point
That may be true, but . . .
I may be wrong, but . . .
You might be right, but . . .
You have a good point, but . . .
You could say that, but . . .
Correct me if I'm wrong, but . . .
I don't mean to be rude, but . . .
I hate to bring this up, but . . .
I don't mean to be negative, but . . .
This may sound strange, but . . .
Analyzing Problems
Focusing on the main problem/issue
What is the main problem?
What is the real issue (here)?
(I think) the major problem is . . .
Our primary concern is . . .
The crux of the matter is . . .
(As I see it), the most important thing is . . .
The main problem we need to solve is . . .
We really need to take care of . . .
It all comes down to this:
Asking for input
What should we do about it?
What needs to be done?
What do you think we should do?
What are we going to do about it?
Do you have any suggestions?
Any ideas?
Making Recommendations
I recommend that . . .
I suggest that . . .
I would like to propose that . . .
Why don't we . . .
Commenting
That's interesting. I think that...
Interesting point. I would add...
Hmmm. I hadn't thought of that before.
Questions can also be a useful way of bringing new ideas into a conversation:
What do you think about . . .
Have you considered . . .
What about . . .
Sometimes a more direct approach is appropriate:
Can I add something here?
(Do you) mind if I interject something here?
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves restating someone else's ideas in your own words. There are several phrases that can be used to introduce paraphrasing:
So . . . (rephrase the other person's ideas)
In other words . . . (paraphrase)
I understand. (You're saying that . . .)
Oh. I see. (You want to say that . . . )
I get it. (You mean . . .)
So, what you mean is . . .
Let me see if I understand you correctly. . .
What I think you're saying is . . .
If I'm hearing you correctly . . .
Meetings and Discussions
Getting started
Let's get started.
We need to discuss . . .
We need to talk about . . .
Talking about discussion items
The first thing we need to discuss is . . .
The first item on the agenda is . . .
The first thing on the list is . . .
First, we need to talk about . . .
Presenting Options
We have several alternatives:
We have two options:
We could either . . . or . . .
Moving on
Let's move on to Item 2.
Let's move on to the next topic.
We need to move on.
The next item (of business) is . . .
We need to go on to the next item.
Shall/Should we move on?
Stalling the Discussion
Before we move on, I think we should . . .
Wait a minute. We haven't discussed . . .
Don't you think we need to . . .
Not so fast. We haven't (yet) . . .
Asking for Clarification
What do you mean by . . . .
I don't quite follow you.
I didn't get what you meant by . . .
Could you clarify that?
Could you elaborate on that?
Making a Suggestion/Proposal
I think we should . . .
Maybe we should . . .
I suggest . . .
Why don't we . . .
How about . . .
We could . . .
Giving Feedback
(I think) that's a good idea.
You have a good point.
Good idea/point.
I agree.
I disagree. I think . . .
Sorry. I don't agree with you.
You have a good point, but . . .
That's not such a good idea.
I don't think that's a good idea.
Asking for Opinions
What do you think, George?
What's your opinion on that, Martha?
Any thoughts on that?
Any ideas?
Checking for Consensus
Do we all agree (on that)?
Does everyone agree?
Summarizing
In summary,
The conclusion is . . .
So, we've decided to . . .
We're going to . . . (then)
Closing the meeting
That's all for today.
That's it then. (informal)
The meeting is adjourned. (very formal)
http://www.slideshare.net/muhammad.hassan/presentation-skills-presentation-891001
PPT - Powerful Presentation Techniques
View more presentations from Paul Gibler .
Sep 9, 2009
Interview questions
1.Tell me about yourself. How would you describe yourself /character/ personality?2.What are your greatest strengths (weaknesses)?
3.Where do you see yourself five years from now? How do you feel about your future in the profession?
4. Looking back, what would you do differently in your life ?
5. What extra-curricular activities were you involved in?
6.What have you learned from participation in extra-curricular-activities?
7.Describe your ideal company, position and job. How do you think you can develop the organization?
8. What and in what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our organization?
9. What makes a job enjoyable for you? What two or three things would be most important to you in your job?
10. Can you work under pressure ?
11. How important is communication and interaction with others on your job?
12. Do you prefer to work by yourself or with others?
13.What are your long-range goals and objectives?
14.What are your short-range goals and objectives?
15.How do you plan to achieve your career goals?
16. What do you think you gained by working in your last job (studying in your school) ? What were you responsible for? What did your job involve?
17. Why do you want to work for this company?
18. What type of position do you think you are suited for? How would you describe the position we have to offer?
19. What aspects of the position are you most interested in? How long do you think you would stay with us?
20. What salary would you expect for this position?
Дээрх 20 асуултанд хариулж, хариултаа өөрсдийн блогт хийнэ үү.
http://www.jobinterviewquestions.org/questions/interview-questions.asp
1.Typical interview questions:
- • What are your long-range goals and objectives?
- • What are your short-range goals and objectives?
- • How do you plan to achieve your career goals?
- • What are the most important rewards you expect in your career?
- • Why did you choose the career for which you are preparing?
- • What are your strengths, weaknesses, and interests?
- • How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you?
- • Describe a situation in which you had to work with a difficult person (another student, co-worker, customer, supervisor, etc.). How did you handle the situation? Is there anything you would have done differently in hindsight?
- • What motivates you to put forth your greatest effort? Describe a situation in which you did so.
- • In what ways have your college experiences prepared you for a career?
- • How do you determine or evaluate success?
- • In what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our organization?
- • Describe a contribution you have made to a project on which you worked.
- • What qualities should a successful manager possess?
- • Was there an occasion when you disagreed with a supervisor's decision or company policy? Describe how you handled the situation.
- • What two or three accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? Why?
- • Describe your most rewarding college experience.
- • What interests you about our product or service?
- • Why did you select your college or university?
- • What led you to choose your major or field of study?
- • What college subjects did you like best? Why?
- • What college subjects did you like least? Why?
- • If you could do so, how would you plan your academic studies differently?
- • Do you think your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement?
- • What have you learned from participation in extracurricular activities?
- • In what kind of work environment are you most comfortable?
- • How do you work under pressure?
- • Describe a situation in which you worked as part of a team. What role did you take on? What went well and what didn't?
- • In what part-time, co-op, or summer jobs have you been most interested? Why?
- • How would you describe the ideal job for you following graduation?
- • Why did you decide to seek a position with this organization?
- • What two or three things would be most important to you in your job?
- • What criteria are you using to evaluate the organization for which you hope to work?
- • Will you relocate? Does relocation bother you?
- • Are you willing to travel?
- • Are you willing to spend at least six months as a trainee?
1) Sample Interview Questions:
Personal Motivation and Traits How do you feel about your present workload?What motivates you to do your best work?How can we best help you get your job done?Tell me about a time you went "out on a limb" to get the job done?What are the disadvantages of this line of work?What do you find most frustrating at work?Tell me about a project that got you really excited?How do you define doing a good job?What makes a job enjoyable for you?Under what conditions do you work best?What is your greatest strength/weakness or deficiency?Tell me about a work task you enjoy.
GoalsWhat are your 5-year goals?Tell me what "success" means to you.What does "failure" mean to you?Do you consider yourself successful?Do you set goals for yourself and how do you do that?
CommunicationTell me about a work situation you had that required excellent communication skills.Do you prefer to speak directly with someone or send a memo?How would you grade your ability to communicate with upper level management, customers, and peers?What was more important on your job, written or oral communication?
FlexibilityTell me about the last change which occurred in your office. How did you handle it?I'm interested in hearing about the last time you took a risk. What was it and in retrospect, was it the right decision?How important is communication and interaction with others on your job? How many departments did you deal with? What problems occurred?Tell me about a time when a work emergency caused you to reschedule your work/projects.Give me an example of the last time you went above and beyond the call of duty to get the job doneIn what areas do you typically have the least amount of patience at work?
StressTell me about a deadline you had to meet. How much advance notice did you have?You have worked in a fast paced environment. How did you like the environment?What kinds of decisions are most difficult for you?What is the most difficult work situation you have faced?What types of jobs do you have the most difficulty with?What do you do when you're having trouble with your job?What do you do when you have a great deal of work to accomplish in a short period of time?
ManageabilityWhat do you do when you're having trouble with a boss?If your boss knew you were interviewing, what would he say?What do you feel an employer owes an employee?Your supervisor tells you do to something in a way you know is dead wrong. What do you do?If your supervisor unfairly criticized you, what would you do?Would you like to have your boss's job? Why or why not?Tell me about a time when your manager was in a rush and didn't give you enough attention.What are some of the things about which you and your boss disagree?What are some of the things your boss did that you disliked?In what areas could your boss have done a better job?I would be interested to hear about an occasion when your work or an idea was criticized, what was criticized, who criticized you, and how did you handle it?Describe the best manager you ever had. The worst. What qualities did each of them have?
2) New Graduate Questions
What extracurricular activities were you involved in?What activities did you enjoy the most?What classes did you enjoy the most? The least?Why did you choose your major?Why did you change majors?If you could start again, what major would you choose?Why are you applying for a job in a field other than your major?What did you learn from your summer jobs?In what courses did you get the worst grades? Why?Are your grades a good measure of your ability?Give me an example of a problem you've had at school and how you solved it.How does your degree prepare you (a) for a career in [industry] or (b) to excel as a [job title]?What qualifications do you have beyond academics that qualify you to make a successful transition into business?
3) Job Performance Questions
What were your most significant accomplishments at your last job?What is the biggest failure you've had in your career? Why do you believe it was your biggest failure?What were your three most important responsibilities in your last job?What was the most important project you worked on in your last job and why did you choose this example?Describe how you have progressed through the ranks and landed in your current position at ABC Company?How have you added value to your job over time?How have you had to reinvent or redefine your job to meet your companies changing needs?What proactive steps did you have to take to increase the output of your position?
Cooperation with Co-workersWhat types of people have trouble getting along with you?Do you prefer to work by yourself or with others?Tell me about the last time you had a conflict with a co-worker, what was the conflict and how did you resolve it?How would your co-workers describe you?The successful candidate for this position will be working with individuals who have been with the company for a long time. How will you mesh with them?What kind of people did you have contact with on your previous jobs (titles/positions)?What kind of person do you get along with the best?Define cooperation.Tell me about an occasion when, in difficult circumstances, you pulled a team together.What do you find most challenging in working with co-workers?Do you function more effectively as a team member or as an individual contributor?Describe the most difficult customer you have dealt with. What was the situation and how did you handle it?Describe a group project you were recently involved in. Describe your role, the purpose of the project, how you handled differences of opinion. What was your outcome?What do you do when you know you are right and others disagree with you?How do you build consensus?Define teamwork.
4) Introductory Questions
What five adjectives describe you best?Why should I consider you for this position?Why are you the best candidate for this position?Tell me about the one thing in your life you're proudest of.You've changed jobs frequently. What makes you think that this position will be different?What qualities do you think are necessary to make a success of this job?Describe your ideal job.How did you find out about this job?What do you know about the job?What do you know about the this department?Is there anything that will prevent you from getting to work on time?Is there anything that will prevent you from working the job's regular hours?What kinds of work interest you the most?What interests you most about this position?
5) General Past Job Performance / Experience Questions
Tell me about your last position and what you did.Tell me about the last time you made a mistake and how you corrected it.If you don't leave your current job, what will happen there? How far can you advance?Of all the work you have done, where have you been most successful?I see you were unemployed for a period of time. Tell me about it.Give me an example of when you've demonstrated your customer service skills.How do you define continuous improvement? What is the last new procedure you integrated into your job?What makes you stand out among your peers?What have you done to reduce your department’’s operational costs or to save time?What would your current supervisors say makes you most valuable to them?If I asked your boss to evaluate your performance, what would he or she say?Have you held positions similar to this one? If so, tell me about them.What is the most important thing you learned at a previous job?What did/do you enjoy most/least about your last/present job?If there were two things you could have changed about that job, what would they be?How did your job change while you held it?Describe your supervisor�s management style.What kinds of people do you deal with on the job?What qualifications do you have that make you successful in this field?What have you learned from previous jobs?Describe a typical day at work.How have your previous positions prepared you for this one?What parts of your job do you consider most important?What job tasks do you feel most successful doing?What special skills or knowledge have you gained to help in this job?Describe an important project you worked on.What sort of person do you enjoy working for?Define excellent customer service.You have a lot of experience. Why would you want this job?What do you consider your greatest strength?What is your most significant professional accomplishment?What was the last job related book you read?What was your favorite job? Why?You've stayed with the same organization for years. Why have you decided to leave?
6) Software/Technical Questions
What types of office equipment have you used?Tell me about the types of word processing you did on your last job.What would you say are the major technical skills needed for this position?How do you merge a file in Microsoft Word?What certifications/classes have you completed this last year? Were any of them required by your supervisor?Describe the types of documents you deal with on a daily basis.What software programs do you use most often in your current position?Describe in detail your experience with computer software programs.Tell me about the spreadsheets you have created.Give me an example of a technical problem you had to solve. How did you implement the solution?Tell me about the PowerPoint presentations you have developed.What software do you have experience with? How would you describe your experience level for that software?Answer the questions. /Ойр зуур ярихад хэрэг болох асуултууд /
I. Your region or town:
1. Where are you from? Where were you born?
2. What's it like living there?
3. Have you always lived there?
4. Are there any interesting places to visit in your area?
5.Would you like to live anywhere else?
II. Home and Family:
1. Do you live in a house or an apartment?
2. Have you got any brothers and sisters?
III. Hobbies and interests:
1. Do you have any hobbies?
2. What do you like doing in your spare time?
3. What kinf of music do you like?
IV. Works and studies:
1. Are you working or studying at the moment?
2. Do you enjoy your work?
3. Do you need any special qualifications to do that?
V. Reasons for learning English:
1. Why are you learning English?
2. What other languages would you like to learn?
VI. Short term and long term future plans:
1. Are you doing anything special this summer?
2. What do you think you will be doing 5 years from now?
http://jobsearch.about.com/
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobappsamples/a/sampleapp.htm
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/interviewquestionsanswers/a/interviewquest.htm
http://jobsearch.about.com/od/cvsamples/a/cvsample.htm
http://techpreparation.com/64-hr-interview-questions-answers1.htm
Tell me about yourself ?
Start with the present and tell why you are well qualified for the position. Remember that the key to all successful interviewing is to match your qualifications to what the interviewer is looking for. In other words you must sell what the buyer is buying. This is the single most important strategy in job hunting.
So, before you answer this or any question it's imperative that you try to uncover your interviewer's greatest need, want, problem or goal.
To do so, make you take these two steps:
Do all the homework you can before the hr interview to uncover this person's wants and needs (not the generalized needs of the industry or company)
As early as you can in the interview, ask for a more complete description of what the position entails. You might say: “I have a number of accomplishments I'd like to tell you about, but I want to make the best use of our time together and talk directly to your needs. To help me do, that, could you tell me more about the most important priorities of this position? All I know is what I (heard from the recruiter, read in the classified ad, etc.)”
Then, ALWAYS follow-up with a second and possibly, third question, to draw out his needs even more. Surprisingly, it's usually this second or third question that unearths what the interviewer is most looking for.
You might ask simply, "And in addition to that?..." or, "Is there anything else you see as essential to success in this position?:
This process will not feel easy or natural at first, because it is easier simply to answer questions, but only if you uncover the employer's wants and needs will your answers make the most sense. Practice asking these key questions before giving your answers, the process will feel more natural and you will be light years ahead of the other job candidates you're competing with.
After uncovering what the employer is looking for, describe why the needs of this job bear striking parallels to tasks you've succeeded at before. Be sure to illustrate with specific examples of your responsibilities and especially your achievements, all of which are geared to present yourself as a perfect match for the needs he has just described.
What are your greatest strengths ?
You know that your key strategy is to first uncover your interviewer's greatest wants and needs before you answer questions. And from Question 1, you know how to do this.
Prior to any interview, you should have a list mentally prepared of your greatest strengths. You should also have, a specific example or two, which illustrates each strength, an example chosen from your most recent and most impressive achievements.
You should, have this list of your greatest strengths and corresponding examples from your achievements so well committed to memory that you can recite them cold after being shaken awake at 2:30AM.
Then, once you uncover your interviewer's greatest wants and needs, you can choose those achievements from your list that best match up.
As a general guideline, the 10 most desirable traits that all employers love to see in their employees are:
A proven track record as an achiever...especially if your achievements match up with the employer's greatest wants and needs.
Intelligence...management "savvy".
Honesty...integrity...a decent human being.
Good fit with corporate culture...someone to feel comfortable with...a team player who meshes well with interviewer's team.
Likeability...positive attitude...sense of humor.
Good communication skills.
Dedication...willingness to walk the extra mile to achieve excellence.
Definiteness of purpose...clear goals.
Enthusiasm...high level of motivation.
Confident...healthy...a leader.
What are your greatest weakness ?
Disguise a strength as a weakness.
Example: “I sometimes push my people too hard. I like to work with a sense of urgency and everyone is not always on the same wavelength.”
Drawback: This strategy is better than admitting a flaw, but it's so widely used, it is transparent to any experienced interviewer.
BEST ANSWER: (and another reason it's so important to get a thorough description of your interviewer's needs before you answer questions): Assure the interviewer that you can think of nothing that would stand in the way of your performing in this position with excellence. Then, quickly review you strongest qualifications.
Example: “Nobody's perfect, but based on what you've told me about this position, I believe I' d make an outstanding match. I know that when I hire people, I look for two things most of all. Do they have the qualifications to do the job well, and the motivation to do it well? Everything in my background shows I have both the qualifications and a strong desire to achieve excellence in whatever I take on. So I can say in all honesty that I see nothing that would cause you even a small concern about my ability or my strong desire to perform this job with excellence.”
Alternate strategy (if you don't yet know enough about the position to talk about such a perfect fit):
Instead of confessing a weakness, describe what you like most and like least, making sure that what you like most matches up with the most important qualification for success in the position, and what you like least is not essential.
Example: Let's say you're applying for a teaching position. “If given a choice, I like to spend as much time as possible in front of my prospects selling, as opposed to shuffling paperwork back at the office. Of course, I long ago learned the importance of filing paperwork properly, and I do it conscientiously. But what I really love to do is sell (if your interviewer were a sales manager, this should be music to his ears.)
Tell me about something you did – or failed to do – that you now feel a little ashamed of ?
As with faults and weaknesses, never confess a regret. But don’t seem as if you’re stonewalling either.
Best strategy: Say you harbor no regrets, then add a principle or habit you practice regularly for healthy human relations.
Example: Pause for reflection, as if the question never occurred to you. Then say to hr, “You know, I really can’t think of anything.” (Pause again, then add): “I would add that as a general management principle, I’ve found that the best way to avoid regrets is to avoid causing them in the first place. I practice one habit that helps me a great deal in this regard. At the end of each day, I mentally review the day’s events and conversations to take a second look at the people and developments I’m involved with and do a double check of what they’re likely to be feeling. Sometimes I’ll see things that do need more follow-up, whether a pat on the back, or maybe a five minute chat in someone’s office to make sure we’re clear on things…whatever.”
“I also like to make each person feel like a member of an elite team, like the Boston Celtics or LA Lakers in their prime. I’ve found that if you let each team member know you expect excellence in their performance…if you work hard to set an example yourself…and if you let people know you appreciate and respect their feelings, you wind up with a highly motivated group, a team that’s having fun at work because they’re striving for excellence rather than brooding over slights or regrets.”
Why are you leaving (or did you leave) this position ?
(If you have a job presently tell the hr)
If you’re not yet 100% committed to leaving your present post, don’t be afraid to say so. Since you have a job, you are in a stronger position than someone who does not. But don’t be coy either. State honestly what you’d be hoping to find in a new spot. Of course, as stated often before, you answer will all the stronger if you have already uncovered what this position is all about and you match your desires to it.
(If you do not presently have a job tell the hr.)
Never lie about having been fired. It’s unethical – and too easily checked. But do try to deflect the reason from you personally. If your firing was the result of a takeover, merger, division wide layoff, etc., so much the better.
But you should also do something totally unnatural that will demonstrate consummate professionalism. Even if it hurts , describe your own firing – candidly, succinctly and without a trace of bitterness – from the company’s point-of-view, indicating that you could understand why it happened and you might have made the same decision yourself.
Your stature will rise immensely and, most important of all, you will show you are healed from the wounds inflicted by the firing. You will enhance your image as first-class management material and stand head and shoulders above the legions of firing victims who, at the slightest provocation, zip open their shirts to expose their battle scars and decry the unfairness of it all.
For all prior positions:
Make sure you’ve prepared a brief reason for leaving. Best reasons: more money, opportunity, responsibility or growth.
Why should I hire you?
By now you can see how critical it is to apply the overall strategy of uncovering the employer’s needs before you answer questions. If you know the employer’s greatest needs and desires, this question will give you a big leg up over other candidates because you will give him better reasons for hiring you than anyone else is likely to…reasons tied directly to his needs.
Whether your interviewer asks you this question explicitly or not, this is the most important question of your interview because he must answer this question favorably in is own mind before you will be hired. So help him out! Walk through each of the position’s requirements as you understand them, and follow each with a reason why you meet that requirement so well.
Example: “As I understand your needs, you are first and foremost looking for someone who can manage the sales and marketing of your book publishing division. As you’ve said you need someone with a strong background in trade book sales. This is where I’ve spent almost all of my career, so I’ve chalked up 18 years of experience exactly in this area. I believe that I know the right contacts, methods, principles, and successful management techniques as well as any person can in our industry.”
“You also need someone who can expand your book distribution channels. In my prior post, my innovative promotional ideas doubled, then tripled, the number of outlets selling our books. I’m confident I can do the same for you.”
“You need someone to give a new shot in the arm to your mail order sales, someone who knows how to sell in space and direct mail media. Here, too, I believe I have exactly the experience you need. In the last five years, I’ve increased our mail order book sales from $600,000 to $2,800,000, and now we’re the country’s second leading marketer of scientific and medical books by mail.” Etc., etc., etc.,
Every one of these selling “couplets” (his need matched by your qualifications) is a touchdown that runs up your score. IT is your best opportunity to outsell your competition.
Aren’t you overqualified for this position?
As with any objection, don’t view this as a sign of imminent defeat. It’s an invitation to teach the interviewer a new way to think about this situation, seeing advantages instead of drawbacks.
Example: “I recognize the job market for what it is – a marketplace. Like any marketplace, it’s subject to the laws of supply and demand. So ‘overqualified’ can be a relative term, depending on how tight the job market is. And right now, it’s very tight. I understand and accept that.”
“I also believe that there could be very positive benefits for both of us in this match.”
“Because of my unusually strong experience in ________________ , I could start to contribute right away, perhaps much faster than someone who’d have to be brought along more slowly.”
“There’s also the value of all the training and years of experience that other companies have invested tens of thousands of dollars to give me. You’d be getting all the value of that without having to pay an extra dime for it. With someone who has yet to acquire that experience, he’d have to gain it on your nickel.”
“I could also help you in many things they don’t teach at the Harvard Business School. For example…(how to hire, train, motivate, etc.) When it comes to knowing how to work well with people and getting the most out of them, there’s just no substitute for what you learn over many years of front-line experience. You company would gain all this, too.”
“From my side, there are strong benefits, as well. Right now, I am unemployed. I want to work, very much, and the position you have here is exactly what I love to do and am best at. I’ll be happy doing this work and that’s what matters most to me, a lot more that money or title.”
“Most important, I’m looking to make a long term commitment in my career now. I’ve had enough of job-hunting and want a permanent spot at this point in my career. I also know that if I perform this job with excellence, other opportunities cannot help but open up for me right here. In time, I’ll find many other ways to help this company and in so doing, help myself. I really am looking to make a long-term commitment.”
NOTE: The main concern behind the “overqualified” question is that you will leave your new employer as soon as something better comes your way. Anything you can say to demonstrate the sincerity of your commitment to the employer and reassure him that you’re looking to stay for the long-term will help you overcome this objection.
Where do you see yourself five years from now?
Reassure your interviewer that you’re looking to make a long-term commitment…that this position entails exactly what you’re looking to do and what you do extremely well. As for your future, you believe that if you perform each job at hand with excellence, future opportunities will take care of themselves.
Example: “I am definitely interested in making a long-term commitment to my next position. Judging by what you’ve told me about this position, it’s exactly what I’m looking for and what I am very well qualified to do. In terms of my future career path, I’m confident that if I do my work with excellence, opportunities will inevitable open up for me. It’s always been that way in my career, and I’m confident I’ll have similar opportunities here.”
Describe your ideal company, location and job.
The only right answer is to describe what this company is offering, being sure to make your answer believable with specific reasons, stated with sincerity, why each quality represented by this opportunity is attractive to you.
Remember that if you’re coming from a company that’s the leader in its field or from a glamorous or much admired company, industry, city or position, your interviewer and his company may well have an “Avis” complex. That is, they may feel a bit defensive about being “second best” to the place you’re coming from, worried that you may consider them bush league.
This anxiety could well be there even though you’ve done nothing to inspire it. You must go out of your way to assuage such anxiety, even if it’s not expressed, by putting their virtues high on the list of exactly what you’re looking for, providing credible reason for wanting these qualities.
If you do not express genuine enthusiasm for the firm, its culture, location, industry, etc., you may fail to answer this “Avis” complex objection and, as a result, leave the interviewer suspecting that a hot shot like you, coming from a Fortune 500 company in New York, just wouldn’t be happy at an unknown manufacturer based in Topeka, Kansas.
Why do you want to work at our company?
This question is your opportunity to hit the ball out of the park, thanks to the in-depth research you should do before any interview.
Best sources for researching your target company: annual reports, the corporate newsletter, contacts you know at the company or its suppliers, advertisements, articles about the company in the trade press.
What are your career options right now?
Prepare for this question by thinking of how you can position yourself as a desired commodity. If you are still working, describe the possibilities at your present firm and why, though you’re greatly appreciated there, you’re looking for something more (challenge, money, responsibility, etc.). Also mention that you’re seriously exploring opportunities with one or two other firms.
If you’re not working, you can talk about other employment possibilities you’re actually exploring. But do this with a light touch, speak only in general terms. You don’t want to seem manipulative or coy.
Why have you been out of work so long ?
You want to emphasize factors which have prolonged your job search by your own choice.
Example: “After my job was terminated, I made a conscious decision not to jump on the first opportunities to come along. In my life, I’ve found out that you can always turn a negative into a positive IF you try hard enough. This is what I determined to do. I decided to take whatever time I needed to think through what I do best, what I most want to do, where I’d like to do it…and then identify those companies that could offer such an opportunity.”
“Also, in all honesty, you have to factor in the recession (consolidation, stabilization, etc.) in the (banking, financial services, manufacturing, advertising, etc.) industry.”
“So between my being selective and the companies in our industry downsizing, the process has taken time. But in the end, I’m convinced that when I do find the right match, all that careful evaluation from both sides of the desk will have been well worthwhile for both the company that hires me and myself.
What are your goals?
Many executives in a position to hire you are strong believers in goal-setting. (It’s one of the reason they’ve achieved so much). They like to hire in kind.
If you’re vague about your career and personal goals, it could be a big turnoff to may people you will encounter in your job search.
Be ready to discuss your goals for each major area of your life: career, personal development and learning, family, physical (health), community service and (if your interviewer is clearly a religious person) you could briefly and generally allude to your spiritual goals (showing you are a well-rounded individual with your values in the right order).
Be prepared to describe each goal in terms of specific milestones you wish to accomplish along the way, time periods you’re allotting for accomplishment, why the goal is important to you, and the specific steps you’re taking to bring it about. But do this concisely, as you never want to talk more than two minutes straight before letting your interviewer back into the conversation.
May I contact your present employer for a reference ?
Express your concern that you’d like to keep your job search private, but that in time, it will be perfectly okay.
Example: “My present employer is not aware of my job search and, for obvious reasons; I’d prefer to keep it that way. I’d be most appreciative if we kept our discussion confidential right now. Of course, when we both agree the time is right, then by all means you should contact them. I’m very proud of my record there.
Give me an example of your creativity (analytical skill…managing ability, etc.)
Remember from Question 2 that you should commit to memory a list of your greatest and most recent achievements, ever ready on the tip of your tongue.
If you have such a list, it’s easy to present any of your achievements in light of the quality the interviewer is asking about. For example, the smashing success you orchestrated at last year’s trade show could be used as an example of creativity, or analytical ability, or your ability to manage.
Where could you use some improvement ?
Keep this answer, like all your answers, positive. A good way to answer this question is to identify a cutting-edge branch of your profession (one that’s not essential to your employer’s needs) as an area you’re very excited about and want to explore more fully over the next six months.
What do you worry about ?
Redefine the word ‘worry’ so that it does not reflect negatively on you.
Example: “I wouldn’t call it worry, but I am a strongly goal-oriented person. So I keep turning over in my mind anything that seems to be keeping me from achieving those goals, until I find a solution. That’s part of my tenacity, I suppose.”
Looking back, what would you do differently in your life ?
Indicate that you are a happy, fulfilled, optimistic person and that, in general, you wouldn’t change a thing.
Example: “It’s been a good life, rich in learning and experience, and the best it yet to come. Every experience in life is a lesson it its own way. I wouldn’t change a thing.”
Could you have done better in your last job ?
Again never be negative.
Example: “I suppose with the benefit of hindsight you can always find things to do better, of course, but off the top of my head, I can’t think of anything of major consequence.”
(If more explanation seems necessary)
Describer a situation that didn’t suffer because of you but from external conditions beyond your control ?
For example, describe the disappointment you felt with a test campaign, new product launch, merger, etc., which looked promising at first, but led to underwhelming results. “I wish we could have known at the start what we later found out (about the economy turning, the marketplace changing, etc.), but since we couldn’t, we just had to go for it. And we did learn from it…”
Can you work under pressure ?
Absolutely…(then prove it with a vivid example or two of a goal or project accomplished under severe pressure.)
What makes you angry ?
Give an answer that’s suited to both your personality and the management style of the firm. Here, the homework you’ve done about the company and its style can help in your choice of words.
Examples: If you are a reserved person and/or the corporate culture is coolly professional:
“I’m an even-tempered and positive person by nature, and I believe this helps me a great deal in keeping my department running smoothly, harmoniously and with a genuine esprit de corps. I believe in communicating clearly what’s expected, getting people’s commitment to those goals, and then following up continuously to check progress.”
“If anyone or anything is going off track, I want to know about it early. If, after that kind of open communication and follow up, someone isn’t getting the job done, I’ll want to know why. If there’s no good reason, then I’ll get impatient and angry…and take appropriate steps from there. But if you hire good people, motivate them to strive for excellence and then follow up constantly, it almost never gets to that state.”
If you are feisty by nature and/or the position calls for a tough straw boss.
“You know what makes me angry? People who (the fill in the blanks with the most objectionable traits for this type of position)…people who don’t pull their own weight, who are negative, people who lie…etc.”
Why aren’t you earning more money at this stage of your career ?
You like to make money, but other factors are even more important.
Example: “Making money is very important to me, and one reason I’m here is because I’m looking to make more. Throughout my career, what’s been even more important to me is doing work I really like to do at the kind of company I like and respect.
(Then be prepared to be specific about what your ideal position and company would be like, matching them as closely as possible to the opportunity at hand.
Who has inspired you in your life and why?
Have a few heroes in mind, from your mental “Board of Directors” – Leaders in your industry, from history or anyone else who has been your mentor.
Be prepared to give examples of how their words, actions or teachings have helped inspire your achievements. As always, prepare an answer which highlights qualities that would be highly valuable in the position you are seeking.
What was the toughest decision you ever had to make?
Be prepared with a good example, explaining why the decision was difficult…the process you followed in reaching it…the courageous or effective way you carried it out…and the beneficial results.
Tell me about the most boring job you’ve ever had.
You have never allowed yourself to grow bored with a job and you can’t understand it when others let themselves fall into that rut.
Example: “Perhaps I’ve been fortunate, but that I’ve never found myself bored with any job I have ever held. I’ve always enjoyed hard work. As with actors who feel there are no small parts, I also believe that in every company or department there are exciting challenges and intriguing problems crying out for energetic and enthusiastic solutions. If you’re bored, it’s probably because you’re not challenging yourself to tackle those problems right under your nose.”
Have you been absent from work more than a few days in any previous position?
If you have had no problem, emphasize your excellent and consistent attendance record throughout your career.
Also describe how important you believe such consistent attendance is for a key executive…why it’s up to you to set an example of dedication…and why there’s just no substitute for being there with your people to keep the operation running smoothly, answer questions and handle problems and crises as they arise.
If you do have a past attendance problem, you want to minimize it, making it clear that it was an exceptional circumstance and that it’s cause has been corrected.
To do this, give the same answer as above but preface it with something like, “Other that being out last year (or whenever) because of (your reason, which is now in the past), I have never had a problem and have enjoyed an excellent attendance record throughout my career. Furthermore, I believe, consistent attendance is important because…” (Pick up the rest of the answer as outlined above.).
What changes would you make if you came on board?
You, of course, will want to take a good hard look at everything the company is doing before making any recommendations.
Example: “Well, I wouldn’t be a very good doctor if I gave my diagnosis before the examination. Should you hire me, as I hope you will, I’d want to take a good hard look at everything you’re doing and understand why it’s being done that way. I’d like to have in-depth meetings with you and the other key people to get a deeper grasp of what you feel you’re doing right and what could be improved.
“From what you’ve told me so far, the areas of greatest concern to you are…” (name them. Then do two things. First, ask if these are in fact his major concerns. If so then reaffirm how your experience in meeting similar needs elsewhere might prove very helpful).
“The Salary Question” – How much money do you want ?
For maximum salary negotiating power, remember these five guidelines
Never bring up salary. Let the interviewer do it first. Good salespeople sell their products thoroughly before talking price. So should you. Make the interviewer want you first, and your bargaining position will be much stronger.
If your interviewer raises the salary question too early, before you’ve had a chance to create desire for your qualifications, postpone the question, saying something like, “Money is important to me, but is not my main concern. Opportunity and growth are far more important. What I’d rather do, if you don’t mind, is explore if I’m right for the position, and then talk about money. Would that be okay?”
The #1 rule of any negotiation is: the side with more information wins. After you’ve done a thorough job of selling the interviewer and it’s time to talk salary, the secret is to get the employer talking about what he’s willing to pay before you reveal what you’re willing to accept. So, when asked about salary, respond by asking, “I’m sure the company has already established a salary range for this position. Could you tell me what that is?” Or, “I want an income commensurate with my ability and qualifications. I trust you’ll be fair with me. What does the position pay?” Or, more simply, “What does this position pay?”
Know beforehand what you’d accept. To know what’s reasonable, research the job market and this position for any relevant salary information. Remember that most executives look for a 20-25%$ pay boost when they switch jobs. If you’re grossly underpaid, you may want more.
Never lie about what you currently make, but feel free to include the estimated cost of all your fringes, which could well tack on 25-50% more to your present “cash-only” salary.
The Illegal Question
Illegal questions include any regarding your age…number and ages of your children or other dependents…marital status…maiden name…religion…political affiliation…ancestry…national origin…birthplace…naturalization of your parents, spouse or children…diseases…disabilities…clubs…or spouse’s occupation…unless any of the above are directly related to your performance of the job. You can’t even be asked about arrests, though you can be asked about convictions.
ANSWER: Under the ever-present threat of lawsuits, most interviewers are well aware of these taboos. Yet you may encounter, usually on a second or third interview, a senior executive who doesn’t interview much and forgets he can’t ask such questions.
You can handle an illegal question in several ways. First, you can assert your legal right not to answer. But this will frighten or embarrass your interviewer and destroy any rapport you had.
Second, you could swallow your concerns over privacy and answer the question straight forwardly if you feel the answer could help you. For example, your interviewer, a devout Baptist, recognizes you from church and mentions it. Here, you could gain by talking about your church.
Third, if you don’t want your privacy invaded, you can diplomatically answer the concern behind the question without answering the question itself.
Example: If you are over 50 and are asked, “How old are you?” you can answer with a friendly, smiling question of your own on whether there’s a concern that your age my affect your performance. Follow this up by reassuring the interviewer that there’s nothing in this job you can’t do and, in fact, your age and experience are the most important advantages you offer the employer for the following reasons…
Another example: If asked, “Do you plan to have children?” you could answer, “I am wholeheartedly dedicated to my career“, perhaps adding, “I have no plans regarding children.” (You needn’t fear you’ve pledged eternal childlessness. You have every right to change your plans later. Get the job first and then enjoy all your options.)
Most importantly, remember that illegal questions arise from fear that you won’t perform well. The best answer of all is to get the job and perform brilliantly. All concerns and fears will then varnish, replaced by respect and appreciation for your work.
The “Secret” Illegal Question
Much more frequent than the Illegal question is the secret illegal question. It’s secret because it’s asked only in the interviewer’s mind. Since it’s not even expressed to you, you have no way to respond to it, and it can there be most damaging.
Example: You’re physically challenged, or a single mother returning to your professional career, or over 50, or a member of an ethnic minority, or fit any of a dozen other categories that do not strictly conform to the majority in a given company.
Your interviewer wonders, “Is this person really able to handle the job?”…”Is he or she a ‘good fit’ at a place like ours?”…”Will the chemistry ever be right with someone like this?” But the interviewer never raises such questions because they’re illegal. So what can you do?
ANSWER: Remember that just because the interviewer doesn’t ask an illegal question doesn’t mean he doesn’t have it. More than likely, he is going to come up with his own answer. So you might as well help him out.
How? Well, you obviously can’t respond to an illegal question if he hasn’t even asked. This may well offend him. And there’s always the chance he wasn’t even concerned about the issue until you brought it up, and only then begins to wonder.
So you can’t address “secret” illegal questions head-on. But what you can do is make sure there’s enough counterbalancing information to more than reassure him that there’s no problem in the area he may be doubtful about.
For example, let’s say you’re a sales rep who had polio as a child and you need a cane to walk. You know your condition has never impeded your performance, yet you’re concerned that your interviewer may secretly be wondering about your stamina or ability to travel. Well, make sure that you hit these abilities very hard, leaving no doubt about your capacity to handle them well.
So, too, if you’re in any different from what passes for “normal”. Make sure, without in any way seeming defensive about yourself that you mention strengths, accomplishments, preferences and affiliations that strongly counterbalance any unspoken concern your interviewer may have.
What was the toughest part of your last job?
State that there was nothing in your prior position that you found overly difficult, and let your answer go at that. If pressed to expand your answer, you could describe the aspects of the position you enjoyed more than others, making sure that you express maximum enjoyment for those tasks most important to the open position, and you enjoyed least those tasks that are unimportant to the position at hand.
How do you define success…and how do you measure up to your own definition?
Give a well-accepted definition of success that leads right into your own stellar collection of achievements.
Example: “The best definition I’ve come across is that success is the progressive realization of a worthy goal.”
“As to how I would measure up to that definition, I would consider myself both successful and fortunate…”(Then summarize your career goals and how your achievements have indeed represented a progressive path toward realization of your goals.)
“The Opinion Question” – What do you think about …Abortion…The President…The Death Penalty…(or any other controversial subject)?
In all of these instances, just remember the tale about student and the wise old rabbi. The scene is a seminary, where an overly serious student is pressing the rabbi to answer the ultimate questions of suffering, life and death. But no matter how hard he presses, the wise old rabbi will only answer each difficult question with a question of his own.
In exasperation, the seminary student demands, “Why, rabbi, do you always answer a question with another question?” To which the rabbi responds, “And why not?”
If you are ever uncomfortable with any question, asking a question in return is the greatest escape hatch ever invented. It throws the onus back on the other person, sidetracks the discussion from going into an area of risk to you, and gives you time to think of your answer or, even better, your next question!
In response to any of the “opinion” questions cited above, merely responding, “Why do you ask?” will usually be enough to dissipate any pressure to give your opinion. But if your interviewer again presses you for an opinion, you can ask another question.
Or you could assert a generality that almost everyone would agree with. For example, if your interviewer is complaining about politicians then suddenly turns to you and asks if you’re a Republican or Democrat, you could respond by saying, “Actually, I’m finding it hard to find any politicians I like these days.”
(Of course, your best question of all may be whether you want to work for someone opinionated.)
If you won $10 million lottery, would you still work?
This type of question is aimed at getting at your bedrock attitude about work and how you feel about what you do. Your best answer will focus on your positive feelings.
Example: “After I floated down from cloud nine, I think I would still hold my basic belief that achievement and purposeful work are essential to a happy, productive life. After all, if money alone bought happiness, then all rich people would be all happy, and that’s not true.
“I love the work I do, and I think I’d always want to be involved in my career in some fashion. Winning the lottery would make it more fun because it would mean having more flexibility, more options...who knows?”
“Of course, since I can’t count on winning, I’d just as soon create my own destiny by sticking with what’s worked for me, meaning good old reliable hard work and a desire to achieve. I think those qualities have built many more fortunes that all the lotteries put together.”
Looking back on your last position, have you done your best work?
To cover both possible paths this question can take, your answer should state that you always try to do your best, and the best of your career is right now. Like an athlete at the top of his game, you are just hitting your career stride thanks to several factors. Then, recap those factors, highlighting your strongest qualifications.
Why should I hire you from the outside when I could promote someone from within?
Help him see the qualifications that only you can offer.
Example: “In general, I think it’s a good policy to hire from within – to look outside probably means you’re not completely comfortable choosing someone from inside.
“Naturally, you want this department to be as strong as it possibly can be, so you want the strongest candidate. I feel that I can fill that bill because…(then recap your strongest qualifications that match up with his greatest needs).”
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