Verb tenses

Skytel-д ажилладаг миний 1 оюутан англи хэлний үйл үгийн цагийг ер ойлгодоггүй байсан гэсэн, уг нь их амархан даа. Зав нь болдоггүй байсан юм байх даа. Иймэрхүү зүйлс Интернетээр дүүрэн байгаа шүү.

Verb tenses indicate the time at which an event occurred. It is actually the property of the verb form and in English there are 3 basic tenses: past, present, and future.

Each of these tense has a perfect form that provide the following indications: progressive form which is used for indicating an ongoing action, perfect form which is used for indicating a completed action, and a perfect progressive form which is used for indicating an ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time.

There are twelve verb tenses that indicate different time frames:

1. Past simple expresses an event that occurred in the past. Most past simple verbs end with "ed". However, there are others that have irregular forms.

I went.

2. Past Perfect expresses an event that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using "had" with the past participle of the verb.

I had gone.

3. Past Progressive expresses a past event which was happening when another action took place. This tense is formed by using the verb 'be' as was/were with the verb form ending in -ing.

I was going.

4. Past Perfect Progressive expresses a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using 'had been' and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

I had been going.

5. Present Simple expresses an event that takes place in the present, at this very moment. It is used to describe an event when the exact time frame is unknown or not relevant.

Kate washes the dishes while John reads the newspaper.

6. Present Progressive expresses continuous action that is taking place at the same time the statement is written. It is formed by using the verb 'be' as am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing.

I am watching the game.

7. Present Perfect Progressive expresses an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using 'has/have been' and the present participle of the verb (verb form ending with -ing).

They have been running this training program for 2 years.

8. Present Perfect expresses an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past, or an action that began in the past and continues in the present. This tense is formed by using 'has/have' with the past participle of the verb.

The storm has lasted for five days.

9. Future Simple expresses an event that will occur in the future. It is formed by using 'will' with the simple form of the verb.

I will get there.

10. Future Perfect Progressive expresses a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. It is formed by using 'will have been' and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).

I will have been visiting Sweden for 1 month by the end of this summer.

11. Future Perfect expresses an event that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using 'will have' with the past participle of the verb.

The coach will have personally trained each player before the championship game.

12. Future Progressive expresses a continuous action that will take place in the future. It is formed by using 'will be' with the verb ending in -ing.

The team will be practicing every Monday afternoon.

Some sample essays from Internet

1. Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

Homework helps students to understand material more deeply. However, some people believe that homework does not bring any benefits. Personally, I think that this issue has some advantages and disadvantages. In this essay first I will focus on the reasons why I support this idea about daily homework and then I will move on to analyzing its disadvantages.

From the one side, daily homework brings many benefits. As I already mentioned, it helps students understand subjects more deeply. Also, young people learn how to arrange their time to have all things done on time. In addition to those practical benefits daily homework teaches students how to make their own research if something is not clear. Curiosity is one of the main reasons that leads a person to a success. Students learn to make their research, work with different kinds of informational resources such as an Internet, books, magazines, journals and newspapers. I think it is a great experience and it is very good for a long run.

From the other side, daily homework can bring many disadvantages. For instance, if a person has no interest in biology, but has a huge interest in music he has to spend his precious time doing his homework and reading uninteresting books instead of spending this time practicing new melodies. Another important aspect of this that a student can have no time for his physical activities. So, basically, doing daily homework will not keep him in a good shape.

To sum up, I think that an intermediate position can be taken. For example, a student will have to do his daily homework if he is going to specialize in this field in the future.

2. A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

I am from Saint-Petersburg, Russia. It is a very beautiful city that attract many people every year. My close friend is going to move here after her graduation. She already found a job and she asked me to help her with an apartment. Knowing her very well I think I can enumerate the majority of things she will like and dislike about my city.

First of all, I believe she will like a huge amount of museums, theatres, movie theatres, etc. My friend is from a small town, so, she can not enjoy all these benefits at her native town. Second of all, it seems to me that she will like the way people live here. The pace of life is much faster here then in a small town. People are always in a hurry, they try to catch a bus, then they run to the nearest subway station, go to an office, meet new people, etc. Also, I think my friend will like people here. They are very friendly and ready to offer a help to those in need.

Unfortunately, my friend will not surely like some things. As a result of a huge amount of cars and factories the air is polluted here. One more thing she will definitely not like is the weather. It is quite humid here.

However, I think she will also like the public transport here. The bus service are run by the Government and it is quite regular. If one in a hurry he can take a taxi, which also is quite cheap and provide a good transport.

In conclusion, I believe that in spite of all mentioned above disadvantages she will like this city.

3. Which do you feel is more important in your life: security or freedom and independence? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

Security, Freedom and Independence are both important aspects in our lives. In my opinion these three things are interrelated. However, on top of my personal needs, security posts the utmost significance in my life.

There are several reasons in which I contended that security comes in first as an important need in my life. As it defines, it is the condition wherein one is being protected from the danger and loss. This is one of the reasons I want security because I want that, in any circumstances, I would feel safe and secured anywhere I want to go. At a glance of one of the breaking news recently, I heard that a 5-year old boy had left unattended by a mother playing in the park. As soon as the mother checked for her son, the boy found hit by a side truck. The boy didn't get the chance to survive. If the mother could have just stay put and watch her son, this situation could be avoided as the kid would be able to get free to play safely even in the unexpected scenario.

The second reason is that people who have struggled from a communist government are the candidate to being having less freedom and security. One example for this is that whoever opposes the legislation implemented by the government are bound to prison. In this manner, there is no freedom. For this reason, the people could only resolved this problem by keeping their mouth shut and stay passive for their security. If only a country is governed by a democratic officials there will be freedom and independence of the oppressed and more people feel they are secured and safe.

Finally, I believe that if I am secured I will be free from getting what I need and want. That's the reason I always had to put my money in the bank because in the bank I know the money I am saving is safe. Moreover, the money will be spent wisely and I can control my spending. Nobody knows when I get sick, right? For this reason, I am insured of my medical expenses whenever it calls for this matter.

Security is the best thing I need in my life while freedom and independence can be achieved once security is established.

4. Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Man, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when he depicted mammoth herds on the walls of a cave to nowadays when he works on a computer with a large amount of information. From my everyday experience and observation I can state several factors, which defend the statement that the ability to read and write is very important today.

At old times people did not depend on information that much. They did not have to fill out many application forms, write a lot, read news from a newspaper about an economic situation, etc. Now situation has changed. Knowledge and the ability to analyze information are more important now than man's physical strength.

First of all, it is essential for a person to be literate in Informational Age. Everyday one needs to withdraw money from cash machines, to pay a bill, to write out a check, to fill some forms, to read instructions, ads, job requirements and applications. It is almost impossible to survive in modern society without these basic abilities. Almost every job requires these important skills. Imagine that one does not have them and one has a family to care about. So, one's first step is to find a job. One can do it either through newspapers or asking for help from one's friends. One can not read, so one chooses the second way. Second step is to pass a job interview and fill out some forms. Moreover, one has to sign a job contract - an important document that concludes all one's rights and terms. So, basically, it is almost impossible to get a job for a literate person in modern world especially in developed countries.

Second of all, the amount of jobs that do not require the ability to read and write, is dramatically decreasing. Almost every employer wants to have an employee with basic communication and computer skills. In fact, more jobs on the labor market are for literate persons. A lot of primitive jobs are done by machines nowadays. So, it is a very good chance for illiterate people to be constantly on unemployment lists.

In conclusion, I think that every country must have strong programs against illiteracy.

5. Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good?

The main idea of progress is perfection. A man who is making progress in studying, a child who is speaking his/her first words, a scientist who has made a discovery, or an economy of some country is making progress, all of them are aspects of huge human progress. There is no doubt that progress is good for the humanity as a whole but whether it is good for the world.

For example, being anxious for success mankind often forgets about the environment. Every country has numerous fabrics with smoke rising form them. Needless to say, the amount of cars is increasing every day. World economy is making progress in creating different types of machines, vehicles that make easier our conditions of life. As a result we have many devices that make our life easier and at the same time we have acid rains, polluted lakes and rivers, our food does not have as many important vitamins as it used to, but it has nitrates, preservatives and unnatural components and ingredients.

As a result of human progress, now humanity has to deal with the problem of overpopulation.

It is my opinion that now it is time for humanity to think more about the making progress in solving the problems of air pollution, overpopulation and water contamination.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Obviously, the first teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents. They teach us to speak, walk, ride a bike, behave ourselves etc. From my everyday experience and observation I can totally agree with the statement that parents are the best teachers. In the following paragraphs I will try to support my answer with some reasons and examples.

First of all, I would say that parents are our very first teachers. They with great patience pass down the essential knowledge that we need in order to join "the real world". Children often copy their parents' habits and traits because children are sure that parents do only right things. Often children's first wish is to be like their mother of father. Parents are the best teachers because they wish their children a success and they do not teach them bad things.

However in order to succeed in today’s world children need more than just to know good manners and be able to read and write. They need real teachers who would teach them logic, mathematics, literature, foreign language, management etc. Moreover, they need to communicate with the children of the same age. Adolescence is a period when children learn more from their friends then from their parents. At this age many young people reject their parents' advices and warnings. They begin to learn from their own experience, make conclusions and analyze their first mistakes. It is very important for parents in this period to be supportive and patient. Children may slam door and refuse to do some things because they want to feel independence.

Another important aspect of this is that parents are the first people who must worn their children about the danger of drugs and cigarettes and how to avoid and say "No" when they need to. In the modern world parents must talk with their children about everything because it can save their life and make them happier. So, the role of parents is really important because it gives the strength and understanding the real world.

In conclusion, I think that parents are the best teachers because they give their knowledge that can not be taken from books when it needs to be known by children.

Blog-доо юм бичээрэй

http://www.englishclub.com/speaking/

http://www.tzsy.cn/english/test/tofel/200804/30-14528.html
http://www.scribd.com/doc/3008678/ielts-writing-task-2-essay-topics
http://www.scribd.com/doc/85553/989563wt?page=1

iBT writing

PRACTICE TOEFL iBT WRITING SECTION
DIRECTIONS
This section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. There will be two writing tasks.

For the first writing task, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture and then answer a question based on what you have read and heard.

For the second task, you will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience.

Now listen to the directions for the first writing task.

WRITING BASED ON READING AND LISTENING
Directions: For this task, you will read a passage about an academic topic and you will listen to a lecture about the same topic. You may take notes while you read and listen.

Then you will write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You may refer to the reading passage again when you write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.

Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content.
You should allow 3 minutes to read the passage. Then listen to the lecture. Then allow 20 minutes to plan and write your response.

WRITING BASED ON KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE
Directions:
For this task, you will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to state, explain, and support your opinion on an issue.
Typically, an effective essay will contain a minimum of 300 words. Your essay will be judged on the quality of your writing. This includes the development of your ideas, the organization of your essay, and the quality and accuracy of the language you use to express your ideas.

You have 30 minutes to plan and complete your essay.

Time expressions by Amaraa

It’s beginning of July – Одоо 7 сарын эхэн
It rained all day- Бүхэл өдөржингөө бороо орсон
Before long the man will achieve-Удахгүй энэ хүн амжилтанд хүрнэ
a half hour/ half an hour-хагас цаг
an hour and a half/ one and a half hours-хагас цаг
a few minutes lгater- төдхөн, удалгүй
a long time-эртнээс, удаан
along time ago-эрт цагт
all year round- бүтэн жилжингээ
all day/ all day long- өдөржингөө
at dawn-үүрээр
at sunset- нар жаргаж байхад
at that time-тэр үед
at this time tomorrow- маргааш өдийд
at dinner time- оройн хоолны цагаарre long
at one time – нэгэн удаа
at the same time-нэгэн зэрэг
at a time –энэ үед
at once- даруй, шууд
at that- үүний зэрэгцээ
at this- энэ үед
at my time of life – амсьдралынхаа он жилүүдэд
at an early age- бага насандаа
at the age of- ...... насандаа
as long ago as- аль түрүүн
appointed time- тогтоосон хугацаа
beforehand- эрт, эртнээс
before long- удалгүй мөдхөн
before now-одоог хүртэл
every other day- өнжөөд
every so often- хааяа нэг
for an hour or so- цагийн турш юмуу тэр хавьцаа
for good- үүрд бүр мөсөн
henceforward- энэ цагаас эхлэн
here and now- яг одоо
in no time- хоромхон зуур
in time- цаг тухайд нь
in one’s childhood- хүүхэд насандаа
just as- яг тэр мөчид
meanwhile- тэр хооронtime
now and then- хааяа хааяа
over and over- байн байн
plenty of time- хангаттай цаг
waste of time- цагийн гарз

TOPIC LIST /TOEFL iBT WRITING/ Зохион бичлэгийн гарчгууд

Write one essay each day and finish these topics until youcome to my EL 210:

>Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
>If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to study, what would you choose? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.
> Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
>Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades (marks) encourage students to learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
>Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people say that computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
>Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Some universities require students to take classes in many subjects. Other universities require students to specialize in one subject. Which is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
>Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Boys and girls should attend separate schools. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Is it more important to be able to work with a group of people on a team or to work independently? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
> Your city has decided to build a statue or monument to honor a famous person in your country. Whom would you choose? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.
> Describe a custom from your country that you would like people from other countries to adopt. Explain your choice, using specific reasons and examples.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can tell you a lot about a country. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Modern technology is creating a single world culture. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to so much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> A foreign visitor has only one day to spend in your country. Where should this vis¬itor go on that day? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
> If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and where would you go? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
> What discovery in the last 100 years has been most beneficial for people in your country? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Telephones and e-mail have made communication between people less personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> If you could travel back in time to meet a famous person from history, what person would you like to meet? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
> If you could meet a famous entertainer or athlete, who would that be, and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
> If you could ask a famous person one question, what would you ask? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
> Some people prefer to live in places that have the same weather or climate all year long. Others like to live in areas where the weather changes several times a year. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
> Many students have to live with roommates while going to school or university. What are some of the important qualities of a good roommate? Use specific reasons and examples to explain why these qualities are important.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Dancing plays an important role in a culture. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring
outer space (for example, traveling to the moon and to other planets). Other people disagree and think governments should spend this money on our basic needs on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
> People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of modern life. Some read; some exercise; others work in their gardens. What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress? Use specific details and examples in your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should be paid according to how much their students learn. Give specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> If you were asked to send one thing representing your country to an international exhibition, what would you choose? Why? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
>You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.
> Some people think that governments should spend as much money as possible on developing or buying computer technology. Other people disagree and think that this money should be spent on more basic needs. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
> Some people like doing work by hand. Others prefer using machines. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Schools should ask students to evaluate their teachers. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> In your opinion, what is the most important characteristic (for example, honesty,
intelligence, a sense of humor) that a person can have to be successful in life? Use
specific reasons and examples from your experience to explain your answer.
> It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
> Students at universities often have a choice of places to live. They may choose to live in university dormitories, or they may choose to live in apartments in the community. Compare the advantages of living in university housing with the advantages of living in an apartment in the community. Where would you prefer to live? Give reasons for your preference.
>You need to travel from your home to a place 40 miles (64 kilometers) away. Compare the different kinds of transportation you could use. Tell which method of travel you would choose. Give specific reasons for your choice.
> Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.
> Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience. Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.
> When people move to another country, some of them decide to follow the customs of the new country. Others prefer to keep their own customs. Compare these two choices. Which one do you prefer? Support your answer with specific details.
> Some people prefer to spend most of their time alone. Others like to be with friends most of the time. Do you prefer to spend your time alone or with friends? Use specific reasons to support your answer.
> Some people prefer to spend time with one or two close friends. Others choose to spend time with a large number of friends. Compare the advantages of each choice. Which of these two ways of spending time do you prefer? Use specific reasons to support your answer.
> Some people think that children should begin their formal education at a very early age and should spend most of their time on school studies. Others believe that young children should spend most of their time playing. Compare these two views. Which view do you agree with? Why?
> The government has announced that it plans to build a new university. Some people think that your community would be a good place to locate the university. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a new university in your community. Use specific details in your discussion.
> Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults. Other people think that friends are the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you agree with? Use examples to support your position.
> Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free-time activities with the benefits of not making plans. Which do you prefer—planning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice.
> People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.
> Some people choose friends who are different from themselves. Others choose
friends who are similar to themselves. Compare the advantages of having friends
who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar
to you. Which kind of friend do you prefer for yourself? Why?
> Some people enjoy change, and they look forward to new experiences. Others like their lives to stay the same, and they do not change their usual habits. Compare these two approaches to life. Which approach do you prefer? Explain why.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behave differently when they wear different clothes. Do you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer.
> Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.
> Some people trust their first impressions about a person's character because they believe these judgments are generally correct. Other people do not judge a person's character quickly because they believe first impressions are often wrong. Compare these two attitudes. Which attitude do you agree with? Support your choice with specific examples.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have; they always want something more or something different. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that are about real events, real people, and established facts.Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics.Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? There is nothing that young people can teach older people. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Reading fiction (such as novels and short stories) is more enjoyable than watching
movies.Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.
> Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
> A university plans to develop a new research center in your country. Some people want a center for business research. Other people want a center for research in agriculture (farming). Which of these two kinds of research centers do you recommend for your country? Use specific reasons in your recommendation.
> Some young children spend a great amount of their time participating in sports.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples
to support your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person's childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a person's life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? High schools should allow students to study the courses that students want to study. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> What do you consider to be the most important room in a house? Why is this
room more important to you than any other room? Use specific reasons and
examples to support your opinion.
> Some items (such as clothes or furniture) can be made by hand or by machine. Which do you prefer—items made by hand or items made by machine? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your choice.
> If you could make one important change in a school that you attended, what change would you make? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
> A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a child's development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why? Use reasons and specific examples to support your choice.
> Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each year. Others believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the year. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
> Would you prefer to live in a traditional house or in a modern apartment building? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
> Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Some people prefer to spend their free time outdoors. Other people prefer to spend their leisure time indoors. Would you prefer to be outside, or would you prefer to be inside for your leisure activities? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your choice.
> Your school has received a gift of money. What do you think is the best way for your school to spend this money? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing games teaches us about life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
> Imagine that you have received some land to use as you wish. How would you use this land? Use specific details to explain your answer.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching television is bad for children. Use specific details and examples to support your answer.
> What is the most important animal in your country? Why is the animal impor¬tant? Use reasons and specific details to explain your answer.
> Many parts of the world are losing important natural resources, such as forests,
animals, or clean water. Choose one resource that is disappearing and explain
why it needs to be saved. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
> Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A zoo has no useful purpose. Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.
> In some countries, people are no longer allowed to smoke in many public places and office buildings. Do you think this is a good rule or a bad rule? Use specific reasons and details to support your position.
> Plants can provide food, shelter, clothing, or medicine. What is one kind of plant that is important to you or the people in your country? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
> You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.
> In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technol¬ogy such as computers or television or of studying at traditional schools. Which would you prefer? Use reasons and specific details to explain your choice.
>• When famous people such as actors, athletes and rock stars give their opinions, many people listen. Do you think we should pay attention to these opinions? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

How to learn English?

How To Learn English

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Homework - 5th essay / Unit 10 /

Future of Mongolia:


1. Introduction
2.Main body:
- relationship
- education, schools, universities
- jobs
- home life, housing
- transport, buses, cars, travelling
- holidays
- food
- health
- environment, pollution
3. Conclusion

Past tenses

Advice on how to be a good student / 4th essay -Unit 8/

Have you ever faced with these problems?

- Although I know that doing my lessons is necessary for me but I can`t do anymore

- Although I open my book but I can`t read and just look.

- However, I want to do but I can`t

- I get bored easily during doing lessons.

If yes, I will strongly advise you to set your goal and plan for your whole life. You can use following methods to plan your purpose.

At first, just think about the situation where you are in 10 years. Ask yourself:

- What will I have created after 10 years?

- How will I be living?

- What will my pride have become like at that time and compare your dream with your present dreams. Then you should determine your goal.

Secondly, think about the situation after a year.

Thirdly, think about the time after 1-month period.

These 3 lists will help you to plan your work. For example, here is a plan of 1 student about his purpose and make your plan like that.

Plan for 10-year time:

- To become a good computer programmer

- To learn English and Japanese well

- To work in a big international company

1- year plan:

- To enter the university with major computer programming

- To learn with high points

- To learn in English course

1- month plan:

- To solve all the math problems in order to take the entering exam

- To find the best English course and start to learn .

You can plan your goals like this, then locate it place where it will easily be seen for you. It will help you to see it more often. If you see this more often you will be energetic and you will be encouraged. After that, set your weekly and daily work plan. Your daily plan must be included into your weekly plan.

Planning and dreaming is important for human life. Also never make joke with someone`s dream. It is said that the most stupid dream is enjoyed by everyone. There are 3 main enemies of success.

1. Sleepiness and laziness

People have to sleep but the time must be limited and defined. If you want to use time effectively you should sleep less time. In order to decline your sleepiness you should determine when to sleep and when to wake up, you are not allowed to go to bed unless you feel really sleepy, if you don`t sleep after 5 minutes lying on your bed just get up and do your lesson.

2. TV

It is the enemy of attention. What is the result of watching TV? Don`t watch unnecessary things on TV. It is believed TV decreases 80 percent of person`s creativeness.

3. Any kind of games like card and computer games. People who don`t have goal play computer games.

Maybe, it is difficult to get up early and to do lesson with plan but after 10 or 20 times tries it becomes habit of you. Also you should have personal mottos which always encourage you like “Don`t put works later just now”. Don`t give up. And you must put high requirements on you.

Ok, you have planned your work and start to do your homework. Now you must concentrate your attention. If you can`t concentrate it is not possible to fulfill your plan. The distractions of attention are to dream empty, to worry about something and to think like everybody is better than you, there are many subjects to review but there is no time. If you face these thoughts when you are doing homework you should ask yourself if it helps to do your homework and get your goal. Moreover, I advise you never do your lesson lying on the bed. It has only 1 end. That is to sleep. If you lie the brain will concentrate on sleeping and give signal to sleep to your body.

Now I will advise you how to learn English?

In my opinion, we should “attack” all sides like reading, writing, listening and grammar in order to learn English. So you should prepare books cassettes CDs and practice tests.

When you do reading exercise read as much as you can wherever you go like address instructions and words on the board. At first, you will face many new words but don`t give up and later the unfamiliar words will become fewer.

When you do listening exercise turn your TV into channels in English. Also listen to English songs looking lyrics.

If you want to do speaking exercise make friends with foreign people who have come to Mongolia to work and meet them more often and talk to them on all topics.

When you work on grammar practice on grammar books and take lessons from English teacher.

Why don`t you guide diary in English / in your blogs/ when you do writing? It is simple but it is effective way to improve your writing skills. You don`t have to be shy if you want to learn English.

Finally hardworking and patience will let you to become a good student.

Simple presentations

Introduction

(Good morning, afternoon, evening)

I'm happy to be here.

I'm glad to have this opportunity to . . .

Today, I'd like to talk (to you) about . . .

My topic today is . . .

The focus of my remarks is . . .

I'd like to share some thoughts on (topic)

Main points

Let me start by . . .

First, let me tell you about . . .

I've divided my topic into (three) parts: (They are . . .)

Giving examples

For instance,

Let me illustrate,

To illustrate,

Conclusion

In conclusion,

To conclude,

To summarize,

To sum up,

Checking for Understanding

(Do you) know what I mean?

Do you know what I'm saying?

Do you understand?

Are you following me?

Are you with me (so far)?

Have you got it?

Any questions?

Got it?

Showing Understanding

I see.

I understand.

I get it./I got it.

Gotcha. (Informal)

Expressing Lack of Understanding

I don't get it.

(I'm sorry.) I don't understand.

What do you mean?

I'm not following you.

I don't quite follow you.

I'm not sure I get what you mean.

What was that again?

Conceding to Make a Point

That may be true, but . . .

I may be wrong, but . . .

You might be right, but . . .

You have a good point, but . . .

You could say that, but . . .

Correct me if I'm wrong, but . . .

I don't mean to be rude, but . . .

I hate to bring this up, but . . .

I don't mean to be negative, but . . .

This may sound strange, but . . .

Analyzing Problems

Focusing on the main problem/issue

What is the main problem?

What is the real issue (here)?

(I think) the major problem is . . .

Our primary concern is . . .

The crux of the matter is . . .

(As I see it), the most important thing is . . .

The main problem we need to solve is . . .

We really need to take care of . . .

It all comes down to this:

Asking for input

What should we do about it?

What needs to be done?

What do you think we should do?

What are we going to do about it?

Do you have any suggestions?

Any ideas?

Making Recommendations

I recommend that . . .

I suggest that . . .

I would like to propose that . . .

Why don't we . . .

Commenting

That's interesting. I think that...

Interesting point. I would add...

Hmmm. I hadn't thought of that before.

Questions can also be a useful way of bringing new ideas into a conversation:

What do you think about . . .

Have you considered . . .

What about . . .

Sometimes a more direct approach is appropriate:

Can I add something here?

(Do you) mind if I interject something here?

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing involves restating someone else's ideas in your own words. There are several phrases that can be used to introduce paraphrasing:

So . . . (rephrase the other person's ideas)

In other words . . . (paraphrase)

I understand. (You're saying that . . .)

Oh. I see. (You want to say that . . . )

I get it. (You mean . . .)

So, what you mean is . . .

Let me see if I understand you correctly. . .

What I think you're saying is . . .

If I'm hearing you correctly . . .

Meetings and Discussions

Getting started

Let's get started.
We need to discuss . . .
We need to talk about . . .

Talking about discussion items

The first thing we need to discuss is . . .
The first item on the agenda is . . .
The first thing on the list is . . .
First, we need to talk about . . .

Presenting Options

We have several alternatives:
We have two options:
We could either . . . or . . .

Moving on

Let's move on to Item 2.
Let's move on to the next topic.
We need to move on.
The next item (of business) is . . .
We need to go on to the next item.
Shall/Should we move on?

Stalling the Discussion

Before we move on, I think we should . . .
Wait a minute. We haven't discussed . . .
Don't you think we need to . . .
Not so fast. We haven't (yet) . . .

Asking for Clarification

What do you mean by . . . .
I don't quite follow you.
I didn't get what you meant by . . .
Could you clarify that?
Could you elaborate on that?

Making a Suggestion/Proposal

I think we should . . .
Maybe we should . . .
I suggest . . .
Why don't we . . .
How about . . .
We could . . .

Giving Feedback

(I think) that's a good idea.
You have a good point.
Good idea/point.
I agree.

I disagree. I think . . .
Sorry. I don't agree with you.
You have a good point, but . . .
That's not such a good idea.
I don't think that's a good idea.

Asking for Opinions

What do you think, George?
What's your opinion on that, Martha?
Any thoughts on that?
Any ideas?

Checking for Consensus

Do we all agree (on that)?
Does everyone agree?

Summarizing

In summary,
The conclusion is . . .
So, we've decided to . . .
We're going to . . . (then)

Closing the meeting

That's all for today.
That's it then. (informal)
The meeting is adjourned. (very formal)

1st essay - Unit 1-2, 2nd essay - Unit 3-4

My vacation

1. Introduction:
places, time, duration;
2.Visited places
2.1. Ulaanbaatar
2.1.1. where you stayed
2.1.2. weather
2.1.3. sightseeing
2.1.4. events
2.1.5. food
2.2. Khubsugul lake
where you stayed, weather, sightseeing, events, food;
2.3. Gobi desert
2.4. Hometown
3. Conclusion
feeling, suggestion

Write about yourself.

1. Introduction
- name, where from, place you live, family;

2. Main parts:
- Physical appearance: age, height, build, face, eyes, hair, mouth, nose;
Clothes: preferences - casual, formal;
- Character, friends;
- Favourite activities on free time, likes / dislikes; hobbies/interests, food;
- Views on life - beliefs;

3. Conclusion
- final comments;

Unit 5-7: Book report

1. Write the title and the author.

2. Write an introduction.

- Tell whether the book is fiction /literature/ or

nonfiction /science/.

- Include something extremely important

to identify the main topic and

capture the reader’s interest.

3. Write the body of the report.

- Give a brief description of the plot, setting

and characters.

(1.The plot of a story is the series of the events

that moves the story along.

Most story plots include 3 stages of events:

rising action, the climax and

the resolution.

2. The setting of a story is the time and

place of the action.

3. The characters in a story are the people who take

part in the events. Animals and even objects

can also be characters if the author gives

them human traits with their own

personalities.)

- Give a brief summary of the part of the story

that presents the main conflict without

telling it all.

- Give details that will bring important

characters to life.

4. Write a conclusion to sum up.

- Tell your readers why they should

or should not read the book.

- If you do want people to read the book,

make them wonder how it ends.

Writing process

Step 1: Prewriting - Make a list of ideas deciding what you will write and brainstorm.

- plan* and sort, take notes in your own words on your note cards or use a direct quotation,

- organize, make an outline arranging main topics (I, II..), subtopics (A, B..) and details (1, 2..) in a logical order, choose and explore an idea,

Step 2: Write a first draft – Get all your ides down on paper and write a strong topic sentence stating your opinion clearly in it and support it with details, good reasons and examples. Follow your outline and here you can write a bibliography page in alphabetical order if it is a research report.

Step 3: Revise – Read the first draft and make your changes. (Using details, sense words, clear, exact words or figurative language to describe and plant a vivid image in your reader’s mind.)

Step 4: Proofread – Correct mistakes using dictionaries. (Paragraphs, indenting, capitalization, marks and punctuation, spelling, subject-verb agreement)

Step 5: Publish – Copy, add the title, check and share.

Ideas for sharing:

- Make a poster with photographs, drawings or diagrams to illustrate. Or build a model of your story’s main setting using a variety of materials, such as colored paper, clay, foam rubber, and cloth.

- Turn your topic into speech and give it to your classmates for discussion using note cards, maps, pictures, models or samples that people can look at. Or tape-record your story.

- Send a copy to someone who would be interested in your topic. Collect and display other materials /letters, articles and editorials/ that support your argument. Submit your topic to the newspapers, journals, blogs and libraries making a cover with used reading materials. Furthermore, you can even sell the movie right to your story.

*The purpose of a *research report is to provide information about a topic that you can’t possibly learn about directly. For a research report, your information will almost always come from a library. A library has a variety of reference aids and resource books to help you: the encyclopedia, the atlas, the almanac, the dictionary and readers’ guide to periodical literature. The easiest way to locate information in the library is to use the card catalog which lists every book in the library.

*A news report.

The Star Thrower

A young man was walking along a beach. The tide was on its way out, and the beach, for as far as he could see, was covered in starfish. Ahead he saw a woman, picking up starfish and throwing them into the ocean one by one.
“Good morning!” he said as he neared her. “Do you mind if I ask why you’re doing that?”
"The tide’s going out and the sun is burning hot. If I don't throw them in they'll die," the old lady answered.
"But there are miles of beach covered with starfish. It’s hopeless. What difference can you make?"
The old lady bent down, picked up another starfish and threw it into the sea.
"Well, it sure made a difference for that one."

Adapted from Loren Eisley

Munkhbayar's words

1.1 abacus - тооцоо, бүртгэл, данс, сампин
1.2 babble - шилжмэл шуугиан, холилдсон шуугиан саад
1.3 cabir - хөдөлгөөнт холбооны вирусны анхны хэлбэр

2.1 daemon- хамгаалах программ

2.2 earth - газардуулга

2.3 facilitate - хялбарчилах, гүйцэтгэх, хийх, хөнгөвчлөх,тус үзүүлэх, хөнгөлөх, дэм болох,

3.1 gaas - гали арсенал хагас дамжуулагч
3.2 hairpin - танигдаагүй мэдээ, буцах үйлдэл
3.3 identical - ижил, адил

4.1 jack - хөшүүрэг, залгуур, суурь, үүр өргөлт
4.2 keying - түлхүүр, солих, түлхүүрдэх, модуляци
4.3 label - хаяг, хаяглах, төрөл ангилал, ангилах, төрөлжүүлэхх